Goals Affect Emotional Satisfaction With Responses to Sexist Discrimination

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kala J. Melchiori ◽  
Robyn K. Mallett
Keyword(s):  
Sexist Discrimination

Measuring Sexist Discrimination in the Workplace

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice D. Yoder ◽  
Theodore W. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
White Women ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Validity Claims ◽  
Women Firefighters ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
Token Status

Surveys of 14 African American and 30 White women firefighters support reliability and validity claims for the Sexist Discrimination in the Workplace subscale of the Schedule of Sexist Events, developed by Klonoff and Landrine (1995). The more sexist events at work these women reported in the past year, the lower the perceived valuation of respondents by coworkers and the greater the job stresses associated with token status, with being a pioneering woman and with being treated differently.

The Role of Interpersonal Sexual Objectification in Heterosexual Intimate Partner Violence From Perspectives of Perceivers and Targets

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092234
Author(s):  
Gemma Sáez ◽  
Abigail R. Riemer ◽  
Rebecca L. Brock ◽  
Sarah J. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
The Impact

Sexual objectification is a subtle manifestation of sexist discrimination and violence against women that involves seeing and treating women as sex objects of male sexual desire. The primary aim of this research was to connect sexual objectification experiences with heterosexual intimate partner violence. This set of studies examined the impact of sexual objectification on intimate partner violence for both the female victim (Study 1) and the male perpetrator (Study 2). Female (Study 1) and male (Study 2) participants were asked to rate the extent they are victims or perpetrators of sexual objectification experiences and intimate partner violence. Moreover, women’s self-silencing and men’s ascriptions of humanity and empathy (through empathic concern and perspective taking) toward their partner was assessed. The results of the first study (including 154 heterosexual women) showed that general sexual objectification victimization indirectly leads to higher psychological and physical violence through the internalization of self-silence schemas. The second study (including 165 heterosexual men) demonstrated a link between general sexual objectification perpetration and psychological and physical intimate partner violence. Moreover, the relation between men’s perpetration of objectification and intimate partner violence was mediated by ascriptions of humanity and empathic concern toward their female partner (but not through perspective taking toward her). Results of both studies demonstrate the effect of sexual objectification (as target or perpetrator) on global intimate partner violence and explain the different psychological mechanisms through which it takes place depending on the gendered perspective. Theoretical implications and practical considerations for interventions on intimate partner violence are discussed.

“Behave yourself, woman!”

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-616
Author(s):  
Cornelia Ilie
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
Personal Appearance ◽  
Abusive Behaviour ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract After a record number of women were elected to the House of Commons in 1997, many incidents of sexism and abusive behaviour were reported. The aim of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to scrutinize the mechanisms and effects of sexist discrimination and stereotyping of women MPs in the House of Commons; on the other, to identify the strategies used by female (and male) MPs to subvert discriminatory representations, and to counteract gender-biased and sexist treatment. The focus of the multi-level analysis is on three recurrent strategies: objectifying women MPs through fixation on personal appearance rather than professional performance (e.g. making trivialising comments about women’s hair and dressing style); patronizing women MPs through the use of derogatory forms of address (e.g. directly addressing them by the terms of endearment “honey”, “dear”, “woman”); and stigmatizing women MPs through abusive and discriminatory labelling (e.g. ascribing to them stereotypically insulting names.

The Schedule Of Sexist Events: A Measure of Lifetime and Recent Sexist Discrimination in Women's Lives

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Klonoff ◽  
Hope Landrine
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
White Women ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Status Differences ◽  
Gender Specific

This paper describes the development, reliability, and validity of the Schedule of Sexist Events (SSE), a measure of lifetime and recent (past year) sexist discrimination in women's lives. A culturally diverse standardization sample of 631 women completed the 20-item SSE. Factor analyses revealed that the SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent have four factors: Sexist Degradation, Sexism in Distant Relationships, Sexism in Close Relationships, and Sexist Discrimination in the Workplace. The SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent scales had high internal-consistency (.92, .90) and split-half (.87, .83) reliability, and the factors were similarly reliable. Validity was established by demonstrating that scores on the SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent correlate as well with two other measures of stressful events (the Hassles Frequency and the PERI—Life Events scales [PERI-LES]) as those measures correlate with each other. Sexist discrimination (events) can be understood as gender-specific, negative life events (stressors). Descriptive data indicated that sexist discrimination is rampant in women's lives. Additional analyses revealed significant status differences in experiencing sexist discrimination, with women of color reporting more sexism in their lives than White women.

scholarly journals Gaining Insight into Violence from Gender Stereotypes and Sexist Attitudes in the Context of Tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9405
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Díaz-Meneses ◽  
Neringa Vilkaitė-Vaitonė ◽  
Miriam Estupiñan-Ojeda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Survey Respondent ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Gender Harassment ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Sexist Discrimination

It is difficult to identify, but there is a type of harassment grounded in gender stereotyping in the context of tourism. It would be useful to discover the hidden relationships between gender harassment and certain beliefs about women as travellers, tourism professionals and sex objects in the field of hospitality. Methodologically, a survey was carried out reaching a sample of ±684 units by means of a convenience sampling procedure. The measuring instruments consisted of a structured questionnaire divided into two kinds of Likert beliefs scales comprising general statements and statements related to tourism. The survey respondent data were also gathered as regards sociodemographic characteristics. This paper presents empirical evidence to identify the causal factors of gender violence by considering general and particular stereotyping in tourism. Firstly, by performing three exploratory factor analyses, three female stereotyping dimensions were labelled in the field of tourism (occupational sexism, ambivalent sexist discrimination, and sex as a commodity), as well as three general prejudices about women (dysfunctional romantic relationships, ethically challenged presumptions, and aesthetical manners conventions) and the gender harassment factor. Secondly, a linear regression analysis was carried out to demonstrate that both general stereotyping related to a broader “life” framework and sectorial prejudices in tourism cause gender harassment. Finally, this research proves that general stereotyping determines sectorial prejudices in the field of tourism. The practical implications could be to enhance gender equality and combat gender harassment by revealing unintentional and unobserved prejudices that occur in a general life setting and in the tourism sphere against women as neglected professionals, under the subtle and ambivalent condition of travellers, and even as objects of consumption.

Sexist Discrimination as Distancing Behavior: I. A Laboratory Demonstration

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Lott
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dyadic Interaction ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Negative Comments ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
Women Partners ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
Mixed Gender

Attitudes toward and beliefs about women have been studied but investigations of behavior directed toward women in simple interpersonal situations have been relatively infrequent, in this study, ten previously unacquainted pairs of men, ten pairs of women, and twenty mixed-gender pairs were observed during a 10-minute task in which each pair constructed a domino structure for a contest. Under these laboratory conditions in which sexual arousal and nurturance cues were minimal it was predicted that men would behave differently toward women partners than toward men partners by manifesting avoidance or distancing behavior more frequently, but that women's responses to other—gender and same—gender partners would not be reliably different. Dependent measures were obtained by self—report and by ratings of observers who watched the dyadic interaction behind a one-way vision screen. As predicted, women in mixed-gender pairs did not differ significantly from those in same-gender pairs on any measure, but men were found to distance themselves from a woman partner (as compared to a man) by turning their faces or bodies away and making negative comments, by not following advice, and by placing dominoes closer to themselves.

Sexist Discrimination as Distancing Behavior: II. Primetime Television

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Lott
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Modeling ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sexist Discrimination ◽  
Primetime Television ◽  
Tv Shows

This study, the second in a series of investigations of sexist discrimination in face-to-face situations, involved the observations of women and men characters on 10 primetime TV shows found to be most popular with a sample of eighth graders. Distancing behavior—the operational measure of face-to-face discrimination—was found, as predicted, to be manifested more frequently by men TV characters toward women than toward men. Distancing behavior by women TV characters, on the other hand, was not related to the gender of the person with whom they were interacting. Observations were made independently by 53 trained college students, most of whom watched four preassigned TV programs, focusing on either a woman or a man character during a 10–12 minute segment. It was also found that women TV characters appeared less often in the programs than men and that, when they did appear, they were more likely to be shown interacting with men than with other women. Implications for behavioral modeling are discussed.

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