Fluid Abilities and Simple Processing Speed Explain Executive (Complex) Processing Speed: A Contextual Analysis in a Clinical Sample

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Bergman ◽  
Charles L. Ward ◽  
Kattina R. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Fluid Abilities

scholarly journals A-48 The Role of Processing Speed in Verbal and Nonverbal Learning within a Clinical Sample of Older Adults.

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 907-907
Author(s):  
N Hawley ◽  
H Brunet ◽  
J Miller
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Nonverbal Learning ◽  
Learning Trials

Abstract Objective Prior research revealed that processing speed predicts nonverbal learning in healthy older adults (Tam & Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2013). This study aims to examine the role of processing speed in both verbal and nonverbal learning in a clinical sample. We expect that processing speed will lend the most variance to the initial learning trials. Method Records from 718 patients were reviewed (mean age = 74). Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using Brief Visuospatial Memory Test –Revised (BVMT-R) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test –Revised (HVLT-R) learning trials as outcome variables. Demographics were entered in a first step followed by BVMT-R copy or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span –longest digit span forward raw score, to account for visuoconstruction or simple auditory attention for nonverbal and verbal learning outcomes respectively. A processing speed composite of sample-standardized raw scores was entered in a final step. Results Processing speed accounted for 5.4% of the variance in BVMT-R trial 1, 7.5% of the variance in trial 2, and 8.5% of the variance in trial 3, all p < .001. Processing speed accounted for 6.6% of the variance in HVLT-R trial 1, 11.1% of the variance in trial 2, and 11.5% of the variance in trial 3, all p < .001. Conclusions Processing speed significantly predicted all verbal and nonverbal learning trials. Contrary to our hypotheses, processing speed actually had a greater contribution during subsequent learning trials. These findings have implications for evaluating memory performance in patients with syndromes where processing speed is typically affected (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease).

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment: Differences in neuropsychological profile and associated white matter lesion pathology

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA DELANO-WOOD ◽  
MARK W. BONDI ◽  
JOSHUA SACCO ◽  
NORM ABELES ◽  
AMY J. JAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
White Matter Lesion ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Executive Processing ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Periventricular Lesion

AbstractThis study examined whether distinct neuropsychological profiles could be delineated in a sample with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and whether white matter lesion (WML) burden contributed to MCI group differences. A heterogeneous, clinical sample of 70 older adults diagnosed with MCI was assessed using cognitive scores, and WML was quantified using a semi-automated, volumetric approach on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Using cluster and discriminant analyses, three distinct groups (Memory/Language, Executive/Processing Speed, and Pure Memory) were empirically derived based on cognitive scores. Results also showed a dose dependent relationship of WML burden to MCI subgroup, with the Executive/Processing Speed subgroup demonstrating significantly higher levels of WML pathology when compared to the other subgroups. In addition, there was a dissociation of lesion type by the two most impaired subgroups (Memory/Language and Executive/Processing Speed) such that the Memory/Language subgroup showed higher periventricular lesion (PVL) and lower deep white matter lesion (DWML) volumes, whereas the Executive/Processing Speed demonstrated higher DWML and lower PVL volumes. Results demonstrate that distinct MCI subgroups can be empirically derived and reliably differentiated from a heterogeneous MCI sample, and that these profiles differ according to WML burden. Overall, findings suggest different underlying pathologies within MCI and contribute to our understanding of MCI subtypes. (JINS, 2009, 15, 906–914.)

scholarly journals Cognitive performance in children and adolescents at high-risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Teixeira Bernardes ◽  
Carolina Cappi ◽  
Marina de Marco e Souza ◽  
Marcelo Queiroz Hoexter ◽  
Priscila Chacon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
Iq Discrepancy

AbstractBackgroundCognitive performance has been studied in subclinical obsessive-compulsive (OC) adults and in adults relatives of OCD patients. Meanwhile, no study has been conducted with children under the same conditions. Across a sample with 49 participants, we investigated whether children and adolescents at high-risk (HR) for OCD (n=18) would present an impaired performance on neurocognitive domains compared to healthy controls (HC, n=31), especially in visuoconstructive ability, executive functions, and intellectual efficiency, functions previously associated with OCD.MethodsFor the HR group, we considered the first-degree children relatives of patients with OCD that present obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), but do not meet diagnostic criteria for OCD. Child psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) by experienced and trained psychologists and OCS were measured by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).ResultsAlthough we did not find differences in the domains previously hypothesized, a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed impairments in processing speed in HR group (p =0.019; F=3.115), and a t-test identified a higher IQ discrepancy in HR group when compared to HC (p =0.030; t =-2.239), and a discrepancy in verbal and non-verbal abilities as in the memory and working memory tasks.ConclusionsOur results suggest that differences in motor and processing speed and in IQ discrepancy are already present and were identified in a non-clinical sample of HR subjects. Further studies should investigate neurocognitive domains as possible predictors of pediatric OCD.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Effects of the APOE ɛ4 Allele on Behavioral Traits and White Matter Structures in Young Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 672-680
Author(s):  
Hikaru Takeuchi ◽  
Hiroaki Tomita ◽  
Ryan Browne ◽  
Yasuyuki Taki ◽  
Yoshie Kikuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Genotype Interaction ◽  
E4 Allele

Abstract The APOE ɛ4 allele is associated with a risk of Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly, with the association being pronounced in females. Conversely, findings of the effects of the APOE ɛ4 allele in young adults are mixed. Here, we investigated the sex–genotype interaction effects of the APOE ɛ4 allele on cognitive functions as well as brain structures among 1258 young adults. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, there were significant effects of the interaction between sex and the number of APOE ɛ4 allele on some speed tasks (e.g., simple processing speed tasks and the reverse Stroop task) as well as on regional white matter volume (rWMV). The observed sex–genotype interaction conferred better cognitive performance and greater rWMV in the anterior frontal and precentral white matter areas in females having more APOE ɛ4 alleles and reduced rWMV in the same areas in male having more APOE ɛ4 alleles. These findings support the long-debated antagonistic pleiotropic effects of the APOE ɛ4 allele in females.

scholarly journals Effects of Fast Simple Numerical Calculation Training on Neural Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikaru Takeuchi ◽  
Tomomi Nagase ◽  
Yasuyuki Taki ◽  
Yuko Sassa ◽  
Hiroshi Hashizume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Complex Arithmetic ◽  
Simple Processing

Cognitive training, including fast simple numerical calculation (FSNC), has been shown to improve performance on untrained processing speed and executive function tasks in the elderly. However, the effects of FSNC training on cognitive functions in the young and on neural mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the effects of 1-week intensive FSNC training on cognitive function, regional gray matter volume (rGMV), and regional cerebral blood flow at rest (resting rCBF) in healthy young adults. FSNC training was associated with improvements in performance on simple processing speed, speeded executive functioning, and simple and complex arithmetic tasks. FSNC training was associated with a reduction in rGMV and an increase in resting rCBF in the frontopolar areas and a weak but widespread increase in resting rCBF in an anatomical cluster in the posterior region. These results provide direct evidence that FSNC training alone can improve performance on processing speed and executive function tasks as well as plasticity of brain structures and perfusion. Our results also indicate that changes in neural systems in the frontopolar areas may underlie these cognitive improvements.

scholarly journals Methylphenidate effects on processing speed in a clinical sample of adults with ADHD and substance use disorder: a pilot study

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Arvidsson ◽  
Marja-Liisa Dahl ◽  
Johan Franck ◽  
Elisabeth H. Wiig ◽  
Niels Peter Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Clinical Sample

Validation of the Attention, Memory, and Frontal Abilities Screening Test (AMFAST)

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1502-1514
Author(s):  
Bryan M. Freilich ◽  
Nicole Feirsen ◽  
Elise I. Welton ◽  
Wenzhu B. Mowrey ◽  
Tamar B. Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Attention Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning Deficits

The aim of this study is to validate the Attention, Memory, and Frontal Abilities Screening Test (AMFAST), a novel, 10-minute, paper-and-pencil measure developed to identify attention, processing speed, memory, and executive functioning deficits in children and adults with various conditions characterized by frontal-subcortical dysfunction. We administered the AMFAST to 186 English-speaking healthy control participants (aged 8-88 years) without reported cognitive impairment. The AMFAST was also administered to a mixed clinical sample that included 114 English-speaking individuals (aged 8-84 years) who also received comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Results indicated that total AMFAST scores in the healthy control sample were not significantly affected by education or gender. There was, however, a significant effect of age, as the 8- to 10-year-old group scored significantly lower than other age groups. Thus, only participants 11+ years were included in further analyses. The AMFAST demonstrated high test–retest and interrater reliabilities, good construct validity, and the identified optimal cutoff score of 70 had excellent sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. These findings demonstrate that the AMFAST is a highly effective screening test that can be used to identify attention, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning deficits in individuals from middle childhood through older adulthood.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

Adolescents’ self-mutilation - Relationship with dependent behaviour

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolognini ◽  
B. Plancherel ◽  
J. Laget ◽  
P. Stéphan ◽  
O. Halfon
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study, which was carried out in the French-speacking part of Switzerland, was to examine the relationship between suicide attempts and self-mutilation by adolescents and young adults. The population, aged 14-25 years (N = 308), included a clinical sample of dependent subjects (drug abuse and eating disorders) compared to a control sample. On the basis of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview ( Sheehan et al., 1998 ), DSM-IV criteria were used for the inclusion of the clinical population. The results concerning the occurrence of suicide attempts as well as on self-mutilation confirm most of the hypotheses postulated: suicidal attempts and self-mutilation were more common in the clinical group compared to the control group, and there was a correlation between suicide attempts and self-mutilation. However, there was only a partial overlap, attesting that suicide and self-harm might correspond to two different types of behaviour.

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