Multiplication and Division: Memory Representation and Priming

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Indahl ◽  
Dan Woltz ◽  
Linda Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Memory Representation

scholarly journals State anxiety influences P300 and P600 event-related potentials over parietal regions in the hollow-mask illusion experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Ioakeimidis ◽  
Nareg Khachatoorian ◽  
Corinna Haenschel ◽  
Thomas A. Papathomas ◽  
Attila Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
High State ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Active Representation ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract The hollow-mask illusion is an optical illusion where a concave face is perceived as convex. It has been demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia and anxiety are less susceptible to the illusion than controls. Previous research has shown that the P300 and P600 event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected in individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we examined whether individual differences in neuroticism and anxiety scores, traits that have been suggested to be risk factors for schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, affect ERPs of healthy participants while they view concave faces. Our results confirm that the participants were susceptible to the illusion, misperceiving concave faces as convex. We additionally demonstrate significant interactions of the concave condition with state anxiety in central and parietal electrodes for P300 and parietal areas for P600, but not with neuroticism and trait anxiety. The state anxiety interactions were driven by low-state anxiety participants showing lower amplitudes for concave faces compared to convex. The P300 and P600 amplitudes were smaller when a concave face activated a convex face memory representation, since the stimulus did not match the active representation. The opposite pattern was evident in high-state anxiety participants in regard to state anxiety interaction and the hollow-mask illusion, demonstrating larger P300 and P600 amplitudes to concave faces suggesting impaired late information processing in this group. This could be explained by impaired allocation of attentional resources in high-state anxiety leading to hyperarousal to concave faces that are unexpected mismatches to standard memory representations, as opposed to expected convex faces.

Bistability of somatic pattern memories: stochastic outcomes in bioelectric circuits underlying regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1821) ◽  
pp. 20190765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pezzulo ◽  
Joshua LaPalme ◽  
Fallon Durant ◽  
Michael Levin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Brain

Nervous systems’ computational abilities are an evolutionary innovation, specializing and speed-optimizing ancient biophysical dynamics. Bioelectric signalling originated in cells' communication with the outside world and with each other, enabling cooperation towards adaptive construction and repair of multicellular bodies. Here, we review the emerging field of developmental bioelectricity, which links the field of basal cognition to state-of-the-art questions in regenerative medicine, synthetic bioengineering and even artificial intelligence. One of the predictions of this view is that regeneration and regulative development can restore correct large-scale anatomies from diverse starting states because, like the brain, they exploit bioelectric encoding of distributed goal states—in this case, pattern memories. We propose a new interpretation of recent stochastic regenerative phenotypes in planaria, by appealing to computational models of memory representation and processing in the brain. Moreover, we discuss novel findings showing that bioelectric changes induced in planaria can be stored in tissue for over a week, thus revealing that somatic bioelectric circuits in vivo can implement a long-term, re-writable memory medium. A consideration of the mechanisms, evolution and functionality of basal cognition makes novel predictions and provides an integrative perspective on the evolution, physiology and biomedicine of information processing in vivo . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

Spill-over of memory effect in younger and older adults : can emotional information become associated with neutral episodic details

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sanchita Gargya
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Information Research ◽  
The Impact

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] An extensive literature on the influence of emotion on memory asserts that memory for emotional information is remembered better than information lacking emotional content (Kensinger, 2009; Talmi et al., 2007; for review see Hamann, 2001). While decades of research have agreed upon memory advantages for emotional versus neutral information, research studying the impact of emotion on memory for associated details has shown differential effects of emotion on associated neutral details (Erk et al., 2003; Righi et al., 2015; Steinmetz et al., 2015). Using emotional-neutral stimulus pairs, the current set of experiments present novel findings from aging perspective to systematically explore the impact of embedded emotional information on associative memory representation of associated neutral episodic memory details. To accomplish this, three experiments were conducted. In all three experiments, younger and older participants were shown three types of emotional faces (happy, sad, and neutral) along with names. The first experiment investigated whether associative instructions and repetition of face-name pairs influence and promote formation of implicit emotional face-name associations. Using intentional and incidental instructions to encode face-name associations, in Experiment 2 and 3, respectively, participants' memory for whether names, shown with different facial expressions, can trigger emotional content of a study episode in the absence of the original emotional context at test, was assessed. Results indicate that while both younger and older adults show that names are integrated better with happy facial expressions than with sad expressions, older adults fail to show a benefit for associating a name with a happy emotional expression in the absence of associative encoding instructions. Overall, these results suggest that happy facial expressions can be implicitly learnt with or spilled over to associated neutral episodic details, like names. However, this integration is accomplished by older adults only under instructions to form face-name association.

Making Memories Unavailable

2007 ◽  
Vol 215 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Bäuml
Keyword(s):  
Memory Representation ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Subsequent Recall ◽  
Retrieval Blocking

Abstract. Research from the past decades has shown that cuing and retrieval are not always beneficial for episodic memory and can also be detrimental. Prior work assumed that these detrimental effects are caused by retrieval blocking, in which cuing and retrieval strengthen material and the repeated involuntary sampling of the strengthened material hinders subsequent recall of nonstrengthened targets. Using a new experimental paradigm and an extended range of memory tests, recent research indicates that the detrimental effects of retrieval and cuing occur across a wide range of memory tests and are likely to be the result of inhibitory processes. These inhibitory processes impair the nonretrieved and noncue items' memory representation and make these items unavailable in memory. The recent results and the new theory are reviewed and discussed.

Introduction: Bilingual Memory Representation

2014 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Jeanette Altarriba ◽  
Roberto R. Heredia
Keyword(s):  
Memory Representation ◽  
Bilingual Memory

scholarly journals mixtur: An R package for designing, analysing, and modelling continuous report visual short-term memory studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Stuart Bryan Moore ◽  
Ed David John Berry
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Models ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
R Package ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

Visual short-term memory (vSTM) is often measured via continuous-report tasks whereby participants are presented with stimuli that vary along a continuous dimension (e.g., colour) with the goal of memorising the stimuli features. At test, participants are probed to recall the feature value of one of the memoranda in a continuous manner (e.g., by clicking on a colour wheel). The angular deviation between the participant response and the true feature value provides an estimate of recall---and hence, vSTM---precision. Two prominent models of performance on such tasks are the two- and three-component mixture models (Bays et al., 2009; Zhang & Luck, 2008). Both models decompose participant responses into probabilistic mixtures of: (1) responses to the true target value based on a noisy memory representation; (2) random guessing when memory fails. In addition, the three-component model proposes (3) responses to a non-target feature value (i.e., binding errors). Here we report the development of mixtur, an open-source package written for the statistical programming language R that facilitates the fitting of the 2- and 3-component mixture models to continuous report data. We also report the results of several simulations conducted to develop recommendations for researchers on trial numbers, set-sizes and memoranda similarity, as well as conducting parameter recovery and model recovery simulations. It is our hope that mixtur will lower the barrier of entry for utilising mixture modelling

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