Individual Differences in Preference for Sequences using forced-choice and self-generated methods

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Westfall ◽  
J. D. Jasper
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Forced Choice

Effect of Type of Task and Number of Inspectors on Performance of an Industrial Inspection-Type Task

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Stanislaw
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
Inspection Task ◽  
Practical Implications

Two hundred forty subjects working alone and in pairs performed three different versions of a task similar to industrial inspection: a rating task and spatial and temporal two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks. Performance was worse on the rating task than on the 2AFC tasks, and the spatial and temporal 2AFC tasks were performed equally well. These results could signify that performance is impaired more by demands made on long-term memory than by demands made on perception and sensory memory, or that asking subjects to compare items is fundamentally different from, and easier than, asking subjects to judge items in absolute terms. Individual differences in performance were marked, but performance was inconsistent across different versions of the inspection task. When subjects worked in pairs, performance was comparable to that obtained by requiring items to pass two inspections by individual subjects. However, a single inspection by subject pairs required less time than two inspections by individual subjects. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The credibility of acted screams: Implications for emotional communication research

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1889-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan WM Engelberg ◽  
Harold Gouzoules
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional Communication ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Categorization Task

Researchers have long relied on acted material to study emotional expression and perception in humans. It has been suggested, however, that certain aspects of natural expressions are difficult or impossible to produce voluntarily outside of their associated emotional contexts, and that acted expressions tend to be overly intense caricatures. From an evolutionary perspective, listeners’ abilities to distinguish acted from natural expressions likely depend on the type of expression in question, the costs entailed in its production, and elements of receiver psychology. Here, we investigated these issues as they relate to human screams. We also examined whether listeners’ abilities to distinguish acted from natural screams might vary as a function of individual differences in emotional processing and empathy. Using a forced-choice categorization task, we found that listeners could not distinguish acted from natural exemplars, suggesting that actors can produce dramatisations of screams resembling natural vocalisations. Intensity ratings did not differ between acted and natural screams, nor did individual differences in emotional processing significantly predict performance. Scream duration predicted both the probability that an exemplar was categorised as acted and the probability that participants classified that scream accurately. These findings are discussed with respect to potential evolutionary implications and their practical relevance to future research using acted screams.

Personality Scale for Shallow Affect

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas N. Jackson ◽  
I. Reed Payne
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Validity Data ◽  
Personality Scale

A dimension of individual differences in shallow affect is proposed on theoretical grounds. One hundred items were prepared and comprised a provisional Shallow Affect Scale. When administered with standard instructions to respond true or false, the resulting Kuder-Richardson formula reliability was .81. When items were paired with personality items irrelevant to shallow affect on the basis of similar endorsement frequencies and again administered in a forced-choice format, reliability increased to .96. Preliminary validity data are reported.

scholarly journals Towards a theory of individual differences in statistical learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1711) ◽  
pp. 20160059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Siegelman ◽  
Louisa Bogaerts ◽  
Morten H. Christiansen ◽  
Ram Frost
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Good Proxy

In recent years, statistical learning (SL) research has seen a growing interest in tracking individual performance in SL tasks, mainly as a predictor of linguistic abilities. We review studies from this line of research and outline three presuppositions underlying the experimental approach they employ: (i) that SL is a unified theoretical construct; (ii) that current SL tasks are interchangeable, and equally valid for assessing SL ability; and (iii) that performance in the standard forced-choice test in the task is a good proxy of SL ability. We argue that these three critical presuppositions are subject to a number of theoretical and empirical issues. First, SL shows patterns of modality- and informational-specificity, suggesting that SL cannot be treated as a unified construct. Second, different SL tasks may tap into separate sub-components of SL that are not necessarily interchangeable. Third, the commonly used forced-choice tests in most SL tasks are subject to inherent limitations and confounds. As a first step, we offer a methodological approach that explicitly spells out a potential set of different SL dimensions, allowing for better transparency in choosing a specific SL task as a predictor of a given linguistic outcome. We then offer possible methodological solutions for better tracking and measuring SL ability. Taken together, these discussions provide a novel theoretical and methodological approach for assessing individual differences in SL, with clear testable predictions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.

scholarly journals Individual differences in forced-choice recognition memory: Partitioning contributions of recollection and familiarity

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2189-2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Migo ◽  
Joel R. Quamme ◽  
Selina Holmes ◽  
Andrew Bendell ◽  
Kenneth A. Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Forced Choice

Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Interaural Differences in Time and Level

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis McFadden ◽  
Lloyd A. Jeffress ◽  
William E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Psychophysical Method ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Single Interval ◽  
Interaural Differences

Previous research had indicated the existence of two groups—people more sensitive to interaural time differences than to interaural level (intensity) differences and people more sensitive to level differences than to time differences. A population of undergraduates was surveyed in an attempt to estimate the relative proportions of people in the two groups. Two characteristics possessed by previous Ss classified as time-sensitive or level-sensitive were used as the basis for classification of the present Ss. The psychophysical method was single-interval forced-choice, and Ss' task was to lateralize an auditory image. Usable data were obtained from 73 out of 76 Ss. Of those that met the criterion for classification into one of the two groups, about 25% were more sensitive to time differences than to level differences.

scholarly journals Gamification of Two Alternative Forced Choice: Validation based on Drift Diffusion Model and Individual Differences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esin Turkakin ◽  
Ceyla Karamancı ◽  
Kaan Karamancı ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Constant Variance ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Evidence Integration

Two alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigms, coupled with the unified analysis of accuracy and response times within specific decision theoretic frameworks, have provided a wealth of information regarding decision-making processes. One problem of associated experimental tasks is that they are typically not engaging and do not contain stimuli or task representations familiar to participants, resulting in contaminants in the data due to boredom and distraction. Furthermore, when investigating decision strategies, use of noisy stimulus attributes result in undesired variance in the perceptual process complicating the analysis and interpretation of results. To address these fundamental issues, we developed a 2AFC soccer game in which participants’ task is to score goals by making leftward or rightward shots after observing the trajectory of the goalkeeper within a trial. The goalkeeper’s location is repeatedly sampled from a normal distribution with a constant variance and a mean either to the left or right of the midpoint. We tested participants on three difficulty levels parameterized by the distance between the two means and expected the rate of evidence integration to decrease with increasing difficulty and after errors as characteristic of standard 2AFC tasks. Drift- diffusion model provided good fits to data, and their outputs confirmed our predictions outlined above. Furthermore, we found the evidence integration rates to be negatively correlated with individual differences in maladaptive perfectionism, but not in anxiety or obsessive-compulsive traits.

scholarly journals Shape familiarity modulates preference for curvature in drawings of common-use objects

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11772
Author(s):  
Erick G. Chuquichambi ◽  
Letizia Palumbo ◽  
Carlos Rey ◽  
Enric Munar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Liking Rating

Drawing is a way to represent common-use objects. The contour of an object is a salient feature that defines its identity. Preference for a contour (curved or angular) may depend on how familiar the resulting shape looks for that given object. In this research, we examined the influence of shape familiarity on preference for curved or sharp-angled drawings of common-use objects. We also examined the possibility that some individual differences modulated this preference. Preference for curvature was assessed with a liking rating task (Experiment 1) and with a two-alternative forced-choice task simulating approach/avoidance responses (Experiment 2). Shape familiarity was assessed with a familiarity selection task where participants selected the most familiar shape between the curved and the angular version for each object, or whether both shapes were equally familiar for the object. We found a consistent preference for curvature in both experiments. This preference increased when the objects with a curved shape were selected as the most familiar ones. We also found preference for curvature when participants selected the shape of objects as equally familiar. However, there was no preference for curvature or preference for angularity when participants selected the sharp-angled shapes as the most familiar ones. In Experiment 2, holistic and affective types of intuition predicted higher preference for curvature. Conversely, participants with higher scores in the unconventionality facet showed less preference for the curved drawings. We conclude that shape familiarity and individual characteristics modulate preference for curvature.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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