On the methodological principles of studying cognitive processes in social psychology

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Andrejeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Methodological Principles

Individual and Societal Well-Being

2018 ◽  
pp. 698-722
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Oishi ◽  
Samantha J. Heintzleman
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Genetic Origins

This chapter highlights the contributions that have been made by personality and social psychology, respectively and together, to the science of well-being. Since its humble beginning in the 1930s, the science of well-being has grown to become one of the most vibrant research topics in psychological science today. The personality tradition of well-being research has shown that it is possible to measure well-being reliably, that self-reported well-being predicts important life outcomes, and that well-being has nontrivial genetic origins. The social psychology tradition has illuminated that there are various cultural meanings of well-being, that responses to well-being questions involve multiple cognitive processes, that happiness is experienced often in relationship contexts, and that it is possible to improve one’s well-being. Finally, there are recent methodological integrations of the personality and social psychology perspectives that delineate person–situation interactions.

Priors and Prejudice: How prior knowledge shapes intergroup perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McGovern ◽  
Marte Otten
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intergroup Perception ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Processing Framework

Bayesian processing has become a popular framework by which to understand cognitive processes. However, relatively little has been done to understand how Bayesian processing in the brain can be applied to understanding intergroup cognition. We assess how categorization and evaluation processes unfold based on priors about the ethnic outgroup being perceived. We then consider how the precision of prior knowledge about groups differentially influence perception depending on how the information about that group was learned affects the way in which it is recalled. Finally, we evaluate the mechanisms of how humans learn information about other ethnic groups and assess how the method of learning influences future intergroup perception. We suggest that a predictive processing framework for assessing prejudice could help accounting for seemingly disparate findings on intergroup bias from social neuroscience, social psychology, and evolutionary psychology. Such an integration has important implications for future research on prejudice at the interpersonal, intergroup, and societal levels.

Exploring mindfulness and stories in tourist experiences

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianna Moscardo
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
South African ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
National Park ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Framework

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for understanding tourist experiences based on concepts from evolutionary, cognitive and social psychology. This framework integrates concepts from mindfulness theory and story-telling theory and seeks to better explain the nature of tourist experiences. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews some core conceptual approaches to understanding the concept of experience as a psychological driver in tourism. It will then set a series of research questions and explore some of these through a qualitative analysis of tourist stories and experiences in two South African destinations – Kruger National Park and Soweto. This analysis combines participant observation, content analysis of promotional literature and tourist blogs. Findings Evidence supports a set of propositions derived from integrating mindfulness and storytelling theory. Stories do play a significant role in encouraging mindful visitors and supporting more positive tourist experiences. Originality/value This paper combines two different approaches to understanding tourist experiences to create a new framework for understanding the cognitive processes involved in tourist experiences and how these link to outcomes.

scholarly journals The Mindset of Innovation: Contributions of Cognitive and Social Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
LISETE BARLACH
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Opening Up

In order to consider anything as new, individuals have to accept it aspossible. To consider it as innovative, a person has to see it as necessary.These two concepts, derived from Piaget's theory (1987), are key elementsfor the analysis of innovation mindset. Theoretical framework explainshow “opening up for new possibilities” implies overcoming pseudoimpossibilities, and how possibilities are built up alongside individualdevelopment. In short, an innovation has to be considered possible andnecessary, feasible and viable. Thus, the cognitive processes involvedin defining what is possible, and accepting what doesn't have to be theold way, are crucial mental structures subjacent to innovations’ decisionmaking. This study examines mindset through mental models, cognitiveprocesses and executive functions, as well as Piaget and Gestalt theory'scontributions. The empirical investigation involved a search for articlespublished on the theme between 2019 and 2021, concluding that they applythe innovation mindset definition, taking for granted the psychologicalmechanisms inlayed in it. The article also points up to the gap betweenmanagement and psychology, indicating the urgent need of interdisciplinarystudies, due to the mutual benefits for both sciences and also, bettercomprehension of the constructs.

Society, Ethnicity, People: Dialectics of COMMUNICATION. Results of scientific research

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
P. I. Gnatenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Empirical Research Methods ◽  
Methodological Principles

In the article the problem of the interconnection of social philosophy and social psychology is considered. The dialectic of their relationship is analyzed. Based on the work of domestic philosophers and psychologists, the author reveals the methodological nature of the principles of social philosophy to determine the essence of social psychology. The importance of the researches of G. Steintal, M. Lazar, V. Wundt, G. Lebon and G. Tarde for the development of social psychology as a scholar discipline is investigated. It is emphasized that social philosophy and social psychology are complementary. Social philosophy is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of analysis, and social psychology is the concrete factual material of individual and super-individual being, since empirical research methods occupy a significant place in social psychology, the role of which is much less in social philosophy. Social philosophy uses the theoretical and methodological principles of analysis, and social psychology is distinguished by the concrete factual material of individual and super-individual being. Empirical research methods occupy a significant place in social psychology, their role is much less in social philosophy.

The Paradoxical Consequences of Choice: Often Good for the Individual, Perhaps Less So for Society?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Shilpa Madan ◽  
Kevin Nanakdewa ◽  
Krishna Savani ◽  
Hazel Rose Markus
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
The Individual

The proliferation of products and services, together with the rise of social media, affords people the opportunity to make more choices than ever before. However, the requirement to think in terms of choice, or to use a choice mind-set, may have powerful but unexamined consequences for judgment and decision making, both for the chooser and for others. A choice mind-set leads people to engage in cognitive processes of discrimination and separation, to emphasize personal freedom and independent agency, and to focus on themselves rather than others. Reviewing research from social psychology, legal studies, health and nutrition, and consumer behavior, we found evidence that although a choice mind-set may have positive consequences for the individual, the accumulated outcome of thinking in terms of individual choice may have detrimental outcomes for society. Given the prevalence of choice in all domains of life, more research examining the full range of the consequences of choice is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Ο χρόνος και ο χώρος ως ρητορικά εφόδια για την κατασκευή της ελληνικής εθνικής ταυτότητας: Η μουσουλμανική μειονότητα της Θράκης στο λόγο φοιτητών παιδαγωγικών τμημάτων

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Αντώνης Σαπουντζής ◽  
Ευθυμία Χατζοπούλου
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Methodological Principles

Although time and space constitute inherent elements of identities, mainly of national and ethnic identities, those notions seldom become the focal point of socio-psychological research. Researchers following Social Identity Theory have argued that comparisons of the same national identity in different timelines can be used instead of comparisons to other national identities, which in turn can be interpreted as an absence of ingroup bias. Nonetheless, researchers who follow the turn to language have traced argumentative resources within which temporal comparisons and spatial representations of the nation are used by speakers in order to avoid comparisons between nations, that could potentially leave them open to charges of chauvinism. The present paper, drawing on the theoretical and methodological principles of Critical Discursive Social Psychology, examines the way inwhich students of the educational departments in Thrace mobilize time and space as argumentative lines in order to construct the identity of the Muslim minority of Thrace. It is argued that often time and space are used in rhetorical strategies disclaiming racism, presenting the difference of the minority as a matter of time, or as a matter of residence in “rural” communities that have not adopted the urban way of life. These findings are discussed in relation to how discourse analysis can offer a way to incorporate time and space in the theoreticaldiscussions of social psychology regarding national identity.

What’s Recalled Depends on the Nature of the Recall Procedure

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Newman ◽  
Maxwell S. Sapolsky ◽  
Ying Tang ◽  
Daria A. Bakina
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Recall Period ◽  
Output Interference ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Recall Procedure ◽  
Mnemic Neglect

According to the mnemic neglect model, people process non-threatening feedback more deeply than threatening feedback. Tests of the model rely on behavior recall as the primary dependent variable. Similar to other research programs in social psychology, little attention has been paid to determining the optimal recall procedure for testing the model and replicating its predicted findings. Four experiments reveal that the results of mnemic neglect studies are significantly affected by recall period length and how recalled behaviors are reported. A few basic principles (e.g., output interference, output primacy as an index of accessibility) can account for these findings. The lessons learned apply not just to mnemic neglect research, but to any investigation of social-cognitive processes utilizing free recall measures.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to Email Fraud

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen S. Jones ◽  
John N. Towse ◽  
Nicholas Race
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Research Findings

The authors review the existing literature on the psychology of email fraud, and attempt to integrate the small but burgeoning set of research findings. They show that research has adopted a variety of methodologies and taken a number of conceptual positions in the attempt to throw light on decisions about emails that may be in best-case scenarios, sub-optimal, or in the worst-case scenarios, catastrophic. They point to the potential from cognitive science and social psychology to inform the field, and attempt to identify the opportunities and limitations from researcher's design decisions. The study of email decision-making is an important topic in its own right, but also has the potential to inform about general cognitive processes too.

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