Effect of Depth of Processing on Storage vs. Retrieval

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical framework to estimate the effectiveness of second language tasks in which the focus is on the acquisition of new linguistic items, such as vocabulary or grammar, the so-called focused tasks (R. Ellis, 2003). What accounts for the learning impact offocused tasks? We shall argue that the task-based approach (e.g. Skehan, 1998, Robinson, 2001) does not provide an in-depth account of how cognitive processes, elicited by a task, foster the acquisition of new linguistic elements. We shall then review the typologies of cognitive processes derived from research on learning strategies (Chamot & O'Malley, 1994), from the involvement load hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001), from the depth of processing hypothesis (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) and from connectionism (e.g Broeder & Plunkett, 1997; N. Ellis, 2003). The combined insights of these typologies form the basis of the multi-feature hypothesis, which predicts that retention and ease of activation of new linguistic items are improved by mental actions which involve a wide variety of different features, simultaneously and frequently. A number of implications for future research shall be discussed.

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Sensory Processing Sensitivity Predicts Individual Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Associated with Depth of Processing

Neuropsychobiology ◽

10.1159/000513527 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Bianca P. Acevedo ◽

Tyler Santander ◽

Robert Marhenke ◽

Arthur Aron ◽

Elaine Aron

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Sensory Processing ◽

Resting State ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Central Feature ◽

Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽

Depth Of Processing ◽

Sensory Processing Sensitivity

Background: Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a biologically based temperament trait associated with enhanced awareness and responsivity to environmental and social stimuli. Individuals with high SPS are more affected by their environments, which may result in overarousal, cognitive depletion, and fatigue. Method: We examined individual differences in resting-state (rs) brain connectivity (using functional MRI) as a function of SPS among a group of adults (M age = 66.13 ± 11.44 years) immediately after they completed a social affective “empathy” task. SPS was measured with the Highly Sensitive Person (HSP) Scale and correlated with rs brain connectivity. Results: Results showed enhanced rs brain connectivity within the ventral attention, dorsal attention, and limbic networks as a function of greater SPS. Region of interest analyses showed increased rs brain connectivity between the hippocampus and the precuneus (implicated in episodic memory); while weaker connectivity was shown between the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray (important for anxiety), and the hippocampus and insula (implicated in habitual cognitive processing). Conclusions: The present study showed that SPS is associated with rs brain connectivity implicated in attentional control, consolidation of memory, physiological homeostasis, and deliberative cognition. These results support theories proposing “depth of processing” as a central feature of SPS and highlight the neural processes underlying this cardinal feature of the trait.

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Understanding metacognitive inferiority on screen by exposing cues for depth of processing

Learning and Instruction ◽

10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.01.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 61-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Yael Sidi ◽

Maya Shpigelman ◽

Hagar Zalmanov ◽

Rakefet Ackerman

Keyword(s):

Depth Of Processing

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