Free Recall and Recognition Memory in Young Children

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Hall ◽  
Michael Pressley
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Recognition Memory

Age Effects in the Processing of Typical and Distinctive Faces

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Johnston ◽  
Hadyn D. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Adults And Children

Two experiments exploring the differential processing of distinctive and typical faces by adults and children are reported. Experiment 1 employed a recognition memory task. On three out of four dimensions of measurement, children of 5 years of age did not show an advantage for distinctive faces, whereas older children and adults did. In Experiment 2, however, subjects of all ages classified typical faces faster than distinctive ones in a face/non-face decision task: the 5-year-olds performed exactly as did adults and older children. The different patterns in performance between these two tasks are discussed in relation to possible cognitive architectures for the way young children represent faces in memory. Specifically, we examine two alternative architectures proposed by Ellis (1992) as precursors for Valentine's (1991a) multidimensional adult face-space and discuss whether implementations of these spaces should be based on a norm-based or an exemplar-based framework.

Implicit and explicit memory functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH N. MATTSON ◽  
EDWARD P. RILEY
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with widespread and devastating neurodevelopmental deficits. Numerous reports have suggested memory deficits in both humans and animals exposed prenatally to alcohol. However, the nature of these memory deficits remains to be characterized. Recently children with fetal alcohol syndrome were shown to have learning and memory deficits on a verbal learning and memory measure that involved free recall and recognition memory. The current study seeks to further characterize memory functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure by evaluating priming performance. The choice of task is also relevant given previous studies of memory performance in patient groups with and without involvement of the basal ganglia, a group of structures known to be affected in fetal alcohol syndrome. Three groups were evaluated for lexical priming, free recall, recognition memory, and verbal fluency: (1) children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure; (2) children with Down syndrome; and (3) nonexposed controls. The children with Down syndrome showed significantly less priming than alcohol-exposed children, who did not differ from controls. In addition, the alcohol-exposed children were impaired on the free recall task but not on the recognition memory task, whereas the children with Down syndrome performed significantly worse than the alcohol-exposed group on both tasks. Finally, on the verbal fluency task, children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were impaired on both category and letter fluency, but the degree of impairment was greater for letter fluency. These results further characterize the memory deficits in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure suggesting that in spite of learning and memory deficits, they are able to benefit from priming of verbal information. (JINS, 1999, 5, 462–471.)

Production and accent affect memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit W. Cho ◽  
Laurie B. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
American English ◽  
Study Phase

In three experiments, we examined the effects of accents and production on free recall and yes/no recognition memory. In the study phase, native English participants heard English words pronounced by a speaker with an accent that is highly familiar to the participant (American English) or with a less familiar accent (Dutch). Participants had to either say aloud (produce) the word that they heard in their natural pronunciation (Exp. 1a) or imitate the original speaker (Exp. 1b) or simply listen to the word. In all experiments, in both recall and recognition, produced words and words spoken in an unfamiliar accent were more likely to be recalled and more likely to be recognized, than words that were listened to or words spoken in a more familiar accent. In recognition but not in recall, listening to words spoken in an unfamiliar accent improved memory more than listening to words spoken in a familiar accent. Results suggest that listening allows the acoustic-phonetic details of a speaker to be retained in memory, but that production attenuates details about the original speaker’s pronunciation. Finally, the benefit of production for memory does not differ whether one produces in one’s natural accent or imitates that of the speaker.

The effect of spacing repetitions on the recognition memory of young children and adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Toppino ◽  
Jane E. Kasserman ◽  
Wayne A. Mracek
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Recognition Memory

scholarly journals An item-level analysis of lexical-semantic effects in free recall and recognition memory using the megastudy approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2207-2222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel C Lau ◽  
Winston D Goh ◽  
Melvin J Yap
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Forward Selection ◽  
Unique Variance ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Semantic Variables

Psycholinguists have developed a number of measures to tap different aspects of a word’s semantic representation. The influence of these measures on lexical processing has collectively been described as semantic richness effects. However, the effects of these word properties on memory are currently not well understood. This study examines the relative contributions of lexical and semantic variables in free recall and recognition memory at the item-level, using a megastudy approach. Hierarchical regression of recall and recognition performance on a number of lexical-semantic variables showed task-general effects where the structural component, frequency, number of senses, and arousal accounted for unique variance in both free recall and recognition memory. Task-specific effects included number of features, imageability, and body–object interaction, which accounted for unique variance in recall, whereas age of acquisition, familiarity, and extremity of valence accounted for unique variance in recognition. Forward selection regression analyses generally converged on these findings. Hierarchical regression also revealed that lexical variables accounted for more variance in recognition compared with recall, whereas semantic variables accounted for more unique variance above and beyond lexical variables in recall compared with recognition. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adaptive Memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. VanArsdall ◽  
James S. Nairne ◽  
Josefa N. S. Pandeirada ◽  
Janell R. Blunt
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Adaptive Memory ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Memory Theory ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

It is adaptive to remember animates, particularly animate agents, because they play an important role in survival and reproduction. Yet, surprisingly, the role of animacy in mnemonic processing has received little direct attention in the literature. In two experiments, participants were presented with pronounceable nonwords and properties characteristic of either living (animate) or nonliving (inanimate) things. The task was to rate the likelihood that each nonword-property pair represented a living thing or a nonliving object. In Experiment 1, a subsequent recognition memory test for the nonwords revealed a significant advantage for the nonwords paired with properties of living things. To generalize this finding, Experiment 2 replicated the animate advantage using free recall. These data demonstrate a new phenomenon in the memory literature – a possible mnemonic tuning for animacy – and add to growing data supporting adaptive memory theory.

scholarly journals Multisensory Connections of Novel Linguistic Stimuli in Japanese as a Native Language and Referential Tastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1010
Author(s):  
Yan Yan ◽  
Yutao Yang ◽  
Misa Ando ◽  
Xinyi Liu ◽  
Toshimune Kambara
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Recall Phase ◽  
Evaluation Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Word Forms

Previous findings have shown essential connections between linguistic and gustatory stimuli for people with autism or lexical gustatory synesthesia. We examined the associative learning of novel linguistic forms in Japanese as a native language and tastes (candies and chocolates) for healthy people. Healthy subjects performed four phases: (a) evaluation phase of gustatory features; (b) learning phases of novel linguistic form and gustatory stimulus pairs (G) or novel word forms (W); (c) recognition memory phases linked with G and W; and (d) free recall phase for G and W. In the recognition memory phases, the performance scores of W were higher than those of G, while there was no significant difference between response times of G and W. Additionally, no difference between recall performances in G and W was also shown. A subjective evaluation of gustatory features (sweetness) negatively correlated with the recall score for linguistic forms connected to the gustatory feature, whereas the accuracy rates of the recognition memory phase in G positively correlated with those of the free recall phase in G. Although learning of novel linguistic forms is more efficient than learning of the relationships between novel linguistic forms and tastes, gustatory features influence the free recall performances of linguistic forms linked with the tastes. These results may contribute to future applications to word learning not just for patients, but also healthy people.

Marijuana and memory impairment: Effect on free recall and recognition memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren L. Miller ◽  
Dennis McFarland ◽  
Terry L. Cornett ◽  
Dennis Brightwell
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment

Task variations and attention shifts in young children’s category learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Assessment Task ◽  
Category Formation ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Attention Shifts

Two studies examined the conditions under which 6-year-old children succeeded in discovering prototypical information within ill-defined categories for fictitious animals that had salient individuating properties. Following either incidental or intentional learning of a single category, children attended to both prototypical and instance-specific features when judging the category membership of new examples (Experiment 1). When the same category was contrasted with a similar category in a sorting-with-feedback procedure, children relied on prototypical features in categorisation despite the fact that instance-specific features dominated their recognition-memory judgements (Experiment 2). The results show young children to be capable of shifting their attention to different kinds of category attributes according to the conditions of category formation and the nature of the assessment task.

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