The bracketing breakdown: When and how problem and outcome framing mediates risk tolerance

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Moher ◽  
Derek J. Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Tolerance

Craft Beer's Unlikely Alchemist

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-90
Author(s):  
Theresa McCulla
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intellectual Curiosity ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Washing Machine ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
History Of

In 1965, Frederick (Fritz) Maytag III began a decades-long revitalization of Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, California. This was an unexpected venture from an unlikely brewer; for generations, Maytag's family had run the Maytag Washing Machine Company in Iowa and he had no training in brewing. Yet Maytag's career at Anchor initiated a phenomenal wave of growth in the American brewing industry that came to be known as the microbrewing—now “craft beer”—revolution. To understand Maytag's path, this article draws on original oral histories and artifacts that Maytag donated to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History via the American Brewing History Initiative, a project to document the history of brewing in the United States. The objects and reflections that Maytag shared with the museum revealed a surprising link between the birth of microbrewing and the strategies and culture of mass manufacturing. Even if the hallmarks of microbrewing—a small-scale, artisan approach to making beer—began as a backlash against the mass-produced system of large breweries, they relied on Maytag's early, intimate connections to the assembly-line world of the Maytag Company and the alchemy of intellectual curiosity, socioeconomic privilege, and risk tolerance with which his history equipped him.

The Institutional Donor Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kay Gugerty ◽  
Dean Karlan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Data Requirements ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter considers the perspective of institutional donors like foundations and government in right-fit monitoring and evaluation. Institutional donors may have different data needs than the organizations they fund. This may occur when a donor wants to use the same metrics across its entire portfolio; when a donor supports organizations addressing different aspects of a broad social problem; when donors and organizations have different levels of trust in organizational staff; when they have different views on how to best apply the CART principles; when they have different levels of risk tolerance or place different levels of priority on generating transportable knowledge; or, when donor data requirements create internal tension within organizations. The chapter then examines how Pay for Success (PFS) programs can help to harmonize funder and fundee data incentives, as well as some of the drawbacks of the PFS approach.

scholarly journals Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alekhya Mandali ◽  
Arjun Sethi ◽  
Mara Cercignani ◽  
Neil A. Harrison ◽  
Valerie Voon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Cardinal Symptom

AbstractRisk evaluation is a critical component of decision making. Risk tolerance is relevant in both daily decisions and pathological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where impulsivity is a cardinal symptom. Methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed drug in ADHD, improves attention but has mixed reports on risk-based decision making. Using a double-blinded placebo protocol, we studied the risk attitudes of ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers while performing the 2-step sequential learning task and examined the effect of methylphenidate on their choices. We then applied a novel computational analysis using the hierarchical drift–diffusion model to extract parameters such as threshold (‘a’—amount of evidence accumulated before making a decision), drift rate (‘v’—information processing speed) and response bias (‘z’ apriori bias towards a specific choice) focusing specifically on risky choice preference. Critically, we show that ADHD patients on placebo have an apriori bias towards risky choices compared to controls. Furthermore, methylphenidate enhanced preference towards risky choices (higher apriori bias) in both groups but had a significantly greater effect in the patient population independent of clinical scores. Thus, methylphenidate appears to shift tolerance towards risky uncertain choices possibly mediated by prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation. We emphasise the utility of computational models in detecting underlying processes. Our findings have implications for subtle yet differential effects of methylphenidate on ADHD compared to healthy population.

Do You Need to be Risk-Tolerant to Become an Entrepreneur? The Importance of the Reference Point

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Fuentelsaz ◽  
Juan P. Maicas ◽  
Javier Montero
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Entry ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Educational

AbstractThe creation of new ventures involves a great deal of risk and uncertainty. However, research has been theoretically divergent and empirically inconclusive about the influence of individuals’ risk tolerance on entrepreneurial entry. In this paper, we argue that this relationship is contingent on the reference point of individuals, taking into account the human capital and the opportunity cost of individuals when they decide to start a venture. This approach allows us to clarify some of the previous mixed results in the literature. We use a sample of almost 600,000 individuals from 90 countries that have participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project between 2010 and 2014. Our results show that individuals with previous experience as entrepreneurs do not need to be so risk-tolerant to set up their own venture, while individuals with a job and/or a high educational level need to be especially risk-tolerant to become entrepreneurs.

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