Man am I Stoned, I think! The role of experience and side effects in the perception of drug effects

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis Bakker ◽  
Albert S. Carlin ◽  
Robert Heaton ◽  
Reese T. Jones ◽  
Theodore X. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Effects

scholarly journals Effects and Side Effects of Platelet Transfusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Cognasse ◽  
Kathryn Hally ◽  
Sebastien Fauteux-Daniel ◽  
Marie-Ange Eyraud ◽  
Charles-Antoine Arthaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Platelet Transfusion ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage

AbstractAside from their canonical role in hemostasis, it is increasingly recognized that platelets have inflammatory functions and can regulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. The main topic this review aims to cover is the proinflammatory effects and side effects of platelet transfusion. Platelets prepared for transfusion are subject to stress injury upon collection, preparation, and storage. With these types of stress, they undergo morphologic, metabolic, and functional modulations which are likely to induce platelet activation and the release of biological response modifiers (BRMs). As a consequence, platelet concentrates (PCs) accumulate BRMs during processing and storage, and these BRMs are ultimately transfused alongside platelets. It has been shown that BRMs present in PCs can induce immune responses and posttransfusion reactions in the transfusion recipient. Several recent reports within the transfusion literature have investigated the concept of platelets as immune cells. Nevertheless, current and future investigations will face the challenge of encompassing the immunological role of platelets in the scope of transfusion.

scholarly journals Zinc as a complementary treatment for cancer patients: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hoppe ◽  
S. Kutschan ◽  
J. Dörfler ◽  
J. Büntzel ◽  
J. Büntzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Quality Reporting ◽  
Evidenced Based

AbstractZinc is a trace element that plays an important role in the immune system and cell growth. The role of zinc in cancer treatment has been discussed for some time, however without reaching an evidenced-based consensus. Therefore, we aim to critically examine and review existing evidence on the role of zinc during cancer treatment. In January 2019, a systematic search was conducted searching five electronic databases (Embase, Cochrane, PsychINFO, CINAHL and PubMed) to find studies concerning the use, effectiveness and potential harm of zinc therapy on cancer patients. Out of initial 5244 search results, 19 publications concerning 23 studies with 1230 patients were included in this systematic review. The patients treated with zinc were mainly diagnosed with head and neck cancer and underwent chemo-, radio- or concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Interventions included the intake of different amounts of zinc supplements and oral zinc rinses. Outcomes (primary endpoints) investigated were mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, pain, weight, dermatitis and oral intake of nutrients. Secondary endpoints were survival data, quality of life assessments and aspects of fatigue, immune responses and toxicities of zinc. The studies were of moderate quality reporting heterogeneous results. Studies have shown a positive impact on the mucositis after radiotherapy. No protection was seen against mucositis after chemotherapy. There was a trend to reduced loss of taste, less dry mouth and oral pain after zinc substitution. No impact was seen on weight, QoL measurements, fatigue, and survival. The risk of side effects from zinc appears to be relatively small. Zinc could be useful in the prevention of oral toxicities during irradiation. It does not help in chemotherapy-induced side effects.

scholarly journals SAT0636-HPR PATIENT EXPERIENCE WITH THE PRESCRIPTION, INFORMATION AND USE OF METHOTREXATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1277.3-1278
Author(s):  
T. Oton ◽  
L. Carmona ◽  
J. L. Andréu Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Graphic Information ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
And Training

Background:Methotrexate (MTX) is currently a mainstream drug in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. However, the response to MTX is not universal and may be conditioned by a number of factors, among which adherence could be crucial.Objectives:The aim of this study is to explore adherence to MTX in patients with rheumatic diseases, facilitators and perceived when taking and maintaining the prescription.Methods:A qualitative study of content analysis was performed. Focus groups with patients taking either oral or subcutaneous MTX (being the main or coadjuvant treatment) for any rheumatic disease was performed. The groups were moderated by a rheumatologist that was unknown for the patients. The speech was recorded and transcribed. Subsequently, an inductive coding was performed with the help of Atlas.ti and main themes and sub-themes were extracted, with examples of verbatim anonymized speech.Results:Three focus groups were conducted, with a total of 12 participants, of whom eight were women, seven had rheumatoid arthritis, three had psoriatic arthritis, one had spondyloarthritis, and one had systemic lupus erythematosus. All patients reported an adequate adherence to treatment. The barriers identified were: information in the leaflet, technical language in the consults, difficult access to doctor´s appointment, social environment, side effects and the subcutaneous device. As facilitators, the following aspects were discussed: good predisposition of the physician, reliable graphic information, role of associations and partners support.The unmet needs detected were: problems with travelling, protocols for eventualities, absence of a plan of care, neglection of “non-physical” symptoms, disinformation on side effects and training in complementary aspects.Conclusion:Getting reliable information was the main barrier identified. The environment and side effects may also negatively impact on adherence. Shared decision making is a goal to be achieved in the future in these patients.Disclosure of Interests:Teresa Oton Consultant of: Novartis Farmaceutica, SA, Pfizer, S.L.U., Merck Sharp & Dohme España, S.A., Roche Farma, S.A, Sanofi Aventis, AbbVie Spain, S.L.U., and Laboratorios Gebro Pharma, SA (All trhough institution), Loreto Carmona Grant/research support from: Novartis Farmaceutica, SA, Pfizer, S.L.U., Merck Sharp & Dohme España, S.A., Roche Farma, S.A, Sanofi Aventis, AbbVie Spain, S.L.U., and Laboratorios Gebro Pharma, SA (All trhough institution), José Luis Andréu Sánchez: None declared

scholarly journals Current Nanocarrier Strategies Improve Vitamin B12 Pharmacokinetics, Ameliorate Patients’ Lives, and Reduce Costs

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Marco Fidaleo ◽  
Stefano Tacconi ◽  
Carolina Sbarigia ◽  
Daniele Passeri ◽  
Marco Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Essential Nutrient

Vitamin B12 (VitB12) is a naturally occurring compound produced by microorganisms and an essential nutrient for humans. Several papers highlight the role of VitB12 deficiency in bone and heart health, depression, memory performance, fertility, embryo development, and cancer, while VitB12 treatment is crucial for survival in inborn errors of VitB12 metabolism. VitB12 is administrated through intramuscular injection, thus impacting the patients’ lifestyle, although it is known that oral administration may meet the specific requirement even in the case of malabsorption. Furthermore, the high-dose injection of VitB12 does not ensure a constant dosage, while the oral route allows only 1.2% of the vitamin to be absorbed in human beings. Nanocarriers are promising nanotechnology that can enable therapies to be improved, reducing side effects. Today, nanocarrier strategies applied at VitB12 delivery are at the initial phase and aim to simplify administration, reduce costs, improve pharmacokinetics, and ameliorate the quality of patients’ lives. The safety of nanotechnologies is still under investigation and few treatments involving nanocarriers have been approved, so far. Here, we highlight the role of VitB12 in human metabolism and diseases, and the issues linked to its molecule properties, and discuss how nanocarriers can improve the therapy and supplementation of the vitamin and reduce possible side effects and limits.

scholarly journals The critical role of T cells in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Song ◽  
Lijuan Cao ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
Hui Ma ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Receptor Activator ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GC) are widely used clinically, despite the presence of significant side effects, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). While GC are believed to act directly on osteoblasts and osteoclasts to promote osteoporosis, the detailed underlying molecular mechanism of GC-induced osteoporosis is still not fully elucidated. Here, we show that lymphocytes play a pivotal role in regulating GC-induced osteoporosis. We show that GIOP could not be induced in SCID mice that lack T cells, but it could be re-established by adoptive transfer of splenic T cells from wild-type mice. As expected, T cells in the periphery are greatly reduced by GC; instead, they accumulate in the bone marrow where they are protected from GC-induced apoptosis. These bone marrow T cells in GC-treated mice express high steady-state levels of NF-κB receptor activator ligand (RANKL), which promotes the formation and maturation of osteoclasts and induces osteoporosis. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical role for T cells in GIOP.

scholarly journals Cognitive behaviour therapy meets psychopharmacotherapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
David Veale ◽  
Anna Stout
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Underlying Disorder

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the role of psychopharmacotherapy in common emotional disorders for cognitive behaviour therapists. We consider some of the philosophical difference between CBT and medication, when medication might interfere with CBT, when it may enhance outcome and when it might be safely discontinued. We highlight how to differentiate side-effects and symptoms of discontinuation of antidepressants from that of the underlying disorder. The scope of this article is confined to common emotional disorders and does not discuss the interaction of CBT with medication in, e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or dementia.

scholarly journals Polypharmacy and Malnutrition Management of Elderly Perioperative Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961
Author(s):  
Eiji Kose ◽  
Hidetaka Wakabayashi ◽  
Nobuhiro Yasuno
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Malnutrition, which commonly occurs in perioperative patients with cancer, leads to decreased muscle mass, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, thereby increasing the patient’s risk of various complications. Thus, the nutritional management of perioperative patients with cancer should be focused on to ensure that surgical treatment is safe and effective, postoperative complications are prevented, and mortality is reduced. Pathophysiological and drug-induced factors in elderly patients with cancer are associated with the risk of developing malnutrition. Pathophysiological factors include the effects of tumors, cachexia, and anorexia of aging. Metabolic changes, such as inflammation, excess catabolism, and anabolic resistance in patients with tumor-induced cancer alter the body’s ability to use essential nutrients. Drug-induced factors include the side effects of anticancer drugs and polypharmacy. Drug–drug, drug–disease, drug–nutrient, and drug–food interactions can significantly affect the patient’s nutritional status. Furthermore, malnutrition may affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, potentiate drug effects, and cause side effects. This review outlines polypharmacy and malnutrition, the impact of malnutrition on drug efficacy, drug–nutrient and drug–food interactions, and intervention effects on polypharmacy or cancer cachexia in elderly perioperative patients with cancer.

Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants.

1984 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Stewart ◽  
Harriet de Wit ◽  
Roelof Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effects ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Administration
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