Timed performance in simple conditioning procedures

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika MacInnis
Keyword(s):  
Simple Conditioning

Simple conditioning as two-stage all-or-none learning.

1963 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Theios
Keyword(s):  
Two Stage ◽  
Simple Conditioning

Beginning Reading Discrimination Taught at IQ 35 by Conditioning

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Rydberg
Keyword(s):  
Beginning Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Simple Conditioning

A simple conditioning method, using cards for control of attention, was tried out on 6 severely retarded children (CA 6:4–15:11, MA 2:11–4:3, IQ 22–47). After 17 workdays the three “high-MA” Ss discriminated 8 to 10 words out of 10 and 9 to 10 words 24 and 48 days later (with 50 to 100% transfer to smaller, different print). “Low-MA” Ss retained 10 to 40% (40% for the one S without speech).

A modular theory of simple conditioning

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell M. Church ◽  
Mika L. M. MacInnis ◽  
David M. Freestone
Keyword(s):  
Modular Theory ◽  
Simple Conditioning

Central Control of Auditory Input in the Goldfish

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-610
Author(s):  
R. W. PIDDINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Noise Masking ◽  
Inhibitory Feedback ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Simple Conditioning ◽  
New Hypothesis

1. In the free-swimming electrode-implanted goldfish, the neural response in the medulla to a constant auditory stimulus may exhibit reversible fluctuations in amplitude which are abolished by anaesthesia. 2. The results are consistent with the action of an auditory control system which can reduce or enhance the input following a click. 3. Noise-masking effects and reflex muscular control were excluded by demonstrating the relative constancy of the rectified microphonic during simultaneous changes in the click-evoked action potential at the medulla. 4. There are three kinds of response modification: habituation, rapid inhibitory feedback, and facilitation. 5. Both feedback and habituation act predominantly on high-threshold auditory fibres. Low-threshold fibres do not become habituated, and dishabituation does not occur. 6. As in the mammal, anaesthetic reduces the tendency of the system to become habituated by an amount which depends on the dosage. Auditory fibres with highest threshold have the greatest tendency to become habituated and are the least affected in this respect by anaesthetic. 7. Simple conditioning experiments indicate that control influences exerted over the input can be biased by positive or negative reinforcement which follows the auditory stimulus. 8. The control system may work in attention, in frequency analysis, or in suppressing input to self-made sounds. 9. A new hypothesis is made on the biological significance of hearing in fish. A fish may be able to tell if other swimming fish are approaching, receding, or moving tangentially by analysing the proportions in time of the compressions and rarefactions present in the swimming sounds, which are proposed to be asymmetrical.

scholarly journals Pavlov and Associationism

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Mackintosh
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Simple Conditioning

Pavlov's contribution to experimental psychology was to invent a technique that allowed him to undertake a prolonged and systematic series of well-controlled experiments that, astonishingly enough, uncovered many if not most of the phenomena of what is rightly called Pavlovian conditioning. It was not for another 30 years or more that English-speaking psychologists began to match that achievement. Of course there have been new developments and discoveries since his time. Two examples are discussed: the important role of variable associability or attention even in simple conditioning, and the rigorous application of associative learning theory to the behavior of adult humans.

Non-Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (allo-HSCT) for Patients with Severe Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 10-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Hsieh ◽  
Courtney D Fitzhugh ◽  
R. Patrick Weitzel ◽  
Wynona Coles ◽  
M Beth Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Chronic Gvhd ◽  
Conditioning Regimen ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Mixed Chimerism ◽  
Acute Chest Syndrome ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Simple Conditioning

Abstract Abstract 10 Allo-HSCT remains the only curative approach for patients with SCD, yet a high risk of procedural toxicities and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) limit this approach in adult patients with end organ damage from SCD. We chose a low-dose radiation approach utilizing sirolimus based upon its unique ability to promote T cell tolerance. Entry criteria include irreversible SCD-related complications (stroke, nephropathy, or tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity >2.5 m/s), or reversible complications not ameliorated by a 6-month course of hydroxyurea (frequent vaso-occlusive crises or acute chest syndrome). Conditioning was achieved with 1mg/kg of alemtuzumab divided over 5 days, a single total body irradiation dose of 300cGy, and oral sirolimus targeting trough levels between 10–15 ng/ml. Donor chimerism was measured by microsatellite PCR among CD3 and CD14/15 positive white cells. Twenty-three patients have been transplanted to date, and their ages ranged from 17 to 64 years (median 28). All are alive at 2 months to 7 years post allo-HSCT. Conditioning was well-tolerated. All received unmanipulated G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood progenitors obtained from 8/8 HLA-matched siblings. CD34+ cell doses ranged from 5.5 to 31 × 10e6/kg (median 14.4), and CD3+ cell doses ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 × 10e8/kg (median 3.4). Three patients engrafted temporarily but lost their grafts between the 2nd and 3rd months post transplant and had recurrent SCD. Twenty patients engrafted with mean myeloid chimerism of 97.5% (median 89%) and CD3 chimerism of 42% (median 49%). Improvements in laboratory parameters of engrafted patients are as follows: pre vs post HSCT hemoglobin, 8.7 vs 12.1 g/dL; reticulocyte count, 181 vs 74 k/uL; LDH, 328 vs 202 units/L; total bilirubin, 2.87 vs 1.0 mg/dL. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed replacement by donor type hemoglobin in 19 patients by 1 year, with amelioration of the SCD phenotype allowing for therapeutic phlebotomy. In 17 patients at 1 year or more post allo-HSCT, 5 had CD3 chimerism >50% which allowed complete withdrawal of immunosuppression; they have maintained stable mixed chimerism. Two patients received preemptive treatment with ganciclovir or foscarnet for presumed CMV reactivation (blood PCR >300 genome/mL) before day 30. Treatment in both patients was discontinued 1 week later with negative blood PCR and prophylaxis with acyclovir was resumed. There were 2 patients with zoster at 2 and 3 years post allo-HSCT. Finally, no engrafted patient to date has developed any evidence of acute or chronic GVHD. Our results demonstrate that this relatively simple conditioning regimen is well-tolerated across a broad age range of adults with severe SCD, is effective in achieving stable mixed chimerism without the development of GVHD, and is sufficient to induce functional tolerance. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Altered top-down and bottom-up processing of fear conditioning in panic disorder with agoraphobia

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Lueken ◽  
B. Straube ◽  
I. Reinhardt ◽  
N. I. Maslowski ◽  
H.-U. Wittchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Differential Conditioning ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Safety Signal ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Simple Conditioning

BackgroundAlthough several neurophysiological models have been proposed for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG), there is limited evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on key neural networks in PD/AG. Fear conditioning has been proposed to represent a central pathway for the development and maintenance of this disorder; however, its neural substrates remain elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of fear conditioning in PD/AG patients.MethodThe blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was measured using fMRI during a fear conditioning task. Indicators of differential conditioning, simple conditioning and safety signal processing were investigated in 60 PD/AG patients and 60 matched healthy controls.ResultsDifferential conditioning was associated with enhanced activation of the bilateral dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) whereas simple conditioning and safety signal processing were related to increased midbrain activation in PD/AG patients versus controls. Anxiety sensitivity was associated positively with the magnitude of midbrain activation.ConclusionsThe results suggest changes in top-down and bottom-up processes during fear conditioning in PD/AG that can be interpreted within a neural framework of defensive reactions mediating threat through distal (forebrain) versus proximal (midbrain) brain structures. Evidence is accumulating that this network plays a key role in the aetiopathogenesis of panic disorder.

scholarly journals Learning Rates Are Not All the Same: The Interpretation of Computational Model Parameters Depends on the Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria K Eckstein ◽  
Sarah L Master ◽  
Liyu Xia ◽  
Ronald E Dahl ◽  
Linda Wilbrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Task Similarity ◽  
Simple Conditioning

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has revolutionized the cognitive and brain sciences, explaining behavior from simple conditioning to problem solving, across the life span, and anchored in brain function. However, discrepancies in results are increasingly apparent between studies, particularly in the developmental literature. To better understand these, we investigated to which extent parameters generalize between tasks and models, and capture specific and uniquely interpretable (neuro)cognitive processes. 291 participants aged 8-30 years completed three learning tasks in a single session, and were fitted using state-of-the-art RL models. RL decision noise/exploration parameters generalized well between tasks, decreasing between ages 8-17. Learning rates for negative feedback did not generalize, and learning rates for positive feedback showed intermediate generalizability, dependent on task similarity. These findings can explain discrepancies in the existing literature. Future research therefore needs to carefully consider task characteristics when relating findings across studies, and develop strategies to computationally model how context impacts behavior.

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