Adaptive Change in the Type of Automation Support Reduces the Cost of Imperfect Decision Aids in a Simulated Battlefield Engagement Task

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen McGarry ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Aids ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
The Cost

Adaptive Change in the Type of Automation Support Reduces the Cost of Imperfect Decision Aids in a Simulated Battlefield Engagement Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311
Author(s):  
Kathleen McGarry ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Performance ◽  
Incorrect Information

Automation that is meant to aid the human operator may actually be detrimental to performance, particularly if faulty decision recommendations are provided (decision automation), as opposed to prioritized or integrated information advisories that are incorrect (information automation). Because automation can be imperfect, operator over-reliance on decision automation can degrade performance. The present study examined whether temporary adaptive changes in the type and level of automation—-between decision and information automation, or between decision automation and manual performance—–could mitigate the cost of automation imperfection in a combat engagement selection task. Twelve participants were provided with two types of automation (decision and information) and also performed the task manually. In three conditions, the type of automation was alternated during performance of the task over three blocks of trials. In all three conditions, decision automation was provided in the first and third blocks of the task, with the middle block requiring the use of decision automation, information automation, or manual performance. The accuracy of engagement decisions improved in the third block with decision automation when it was preceded by a temporary adaptive change to information automation. No such improvement occurred when decision automation was used throughout the task or when the adaptive change involved a temporary return to manual performance. This suggests that providing the user with short periods of information automation can help mitigate some of the costs of imperfect decision automation by keeping the operator in the decision-making loop.

scholarly journals Patients’ views about screening for atrial fibrillation (AF): a qualitative study in primary care

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e033061
Author(s):  
Mark Lown ◽  
Christopher R Wilcox ◽  
Stephanie Hughes ◽  
Miriam Santer ◽  
George Lewith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis

ObjectivesThere has been increased interest in screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) with commissioned pilot schemes, ongoing large clinical trials and the emergence of inexpensive consumer single-lead ECG devices that can be used to detect AF. This qualitative study aimed to explore patients’ views and understanding of AF and AF screening to determine acceptability and inform future recommendations.SettingA single primary care practice in Hampshire, UK.Participants15 participants (11 female) were interviewed from primary care who had taken part in an AF screening trial. A semistructured interview guide was used flexibly to enable the interviewer to explore any relevant topics raised by the participants. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants generally had an incomplete understanding of AF and conflated it with other heart problems or with raised blood pressure. With regards to potential drawbacks from screening, some participants considered anxiety and the cost of implementation, but none acknowledged potential harms associated with screening such as side effects of anticoagulation treatment or the risk of further investigations. The screening was generally well accepted, and participants were generally in favour of engaging with prolonged screening.ConclusionsOur study highlights that there may be poor understanding (of both the nature of AF and potential negatives of screening) among patients who have been screened for AF. Further work is required to determine if resources including decision aids can address this important knowledge gap and improve clinical informed consent for AF screening.Trial registration numberISRCTN 17495003.

Gathering Evidence through Enquiry: A Process Improvement Focus

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Process Improvement ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT As financial statements continue to contain more estimates and audit programs rely more on enquiry-based evidence, there is an increasing need to understand whether the process of enquiry can provide more reliable evidence. Prior research in other disciplines indicates enquiry process improvement is a first step in the direction of improving the quality of evidence obtained from management enquiry. This study explores which type of decision aid—a simple cognitive planning theory-adapted instruction or a detailed checklist developed from auditing field research—is more likely to improve junior auditors' planning for collecting enquiry-based evidence about a specific accounting issue. An experiment was conducted using 154 participants with an average of 12 months of auditing experience. The results show participants receiving the theory-based instruction, in contrast to those receiving no decision aids, planned to pose a greater number of questions and inquire of a larger and more diverse set of client personnel in areas relevant to the accounting issue. Further, these participants planned to corroborate evidence obtained from management enquiry with an increased number of audit procedures other than enquiry. The practice-based checklist resulted in similar overall effects, albeit at the “cost” of having to deal with a more complex aid and with less focus on corroboration by means other than enquiry. This study suggests that both decision aids can lead junior auditors to improve their planned approach to enquiry, and if these plans are executed appropriately, they could lead to more reliable audit evidence generated from enquiry of management. Data Availability: Contact the author.

Product Costs as Decision Aids: An Analysis of Alternative Approaches (Part 2)

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramji Balakrishnan ◽  
Eva Labro ◽  
K. Sivaramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Aids ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
System Implementation ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Product Costs ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
Common Platform

SYNOPSIS In the first part of this two-part paper (Balakrishnan et al. 2012), we used a common platform to characterize four popular approaches for computing product costs. In this part, we compare the approaches along three dimensions: (1) the cost of system implementation and maintenance, (2) the ability to provide decision-relevant data, and (3) the provision of incentives to manage the demand for resources. As no system clearly dominates, we show how future approaches might blend the best features of current systems.

scholarly journals A Maneuver Evaluation Algorithm for Lane-Change Assistance System

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Bohan Jiang ◽  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Yujun Zeng ◽  
Daxue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Evaluation Algorithm ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lane Keeping

This paper proposes a maneuver evaluation approach to enhance driving safety by providing decision aids. Based on the deliberative understanding of environmental semantic information, the proposed algorithm evaluates the risk of candidate driving maneuvers, including aggressive lane-change maneuver, passive lane-change maneuver, lane-change abort maneuver, and lane-keeping maneuver. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through various simulation experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of efficiently evaluating the feasibility and the cost of each candidate driving maneuver. The approach also provides suggestions on how to adjust the speed, and when to initiate a lane-change maneuver.

Encounter Decision Aids Can Prompt Breast Cancer Surgery Cost Discussions: Analysis of Recorded Consultations

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Politi ◽  
Renata W. Yen ◽  
Glyn Elwyn ◽  
Natasha Kurien ◽  
Sophie G. Czerwinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Breast Conserving Surgery ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Clinician Training ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
The Cost

Background. Patients frequently worry about care costs, but clinicians seldom address the topic. Cost information is not typically included in patient decision aids (DAs). We examined whether including cost information in an encounter DA, with clinician training, influenced cost conversations. Method. As part of a larger trial, 14 surgeons from 4 cancer centers were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions: (1) Picture Option Grid DA that included a prompt to discuss relative treatment costs, hereafter called “cost prompt group”; (2) a text-only Option Grid DA that did not include cost information; (3) usual care. Groups 2 and 3 hereafter are referred to as “non-cost prompt groups.” Adult (18+) female patients, with stages I-IIIA breast cancer, eligible for both breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy were included. We gave surgeons feedback about adherence to the study protocol at 3, 6, and 12-months. We adapted a checklist to code the content of the audio-recorded clinical encounters. Results. 424/622 (68%) patients consented; 311 (73%) were eligible and successfully recorded (143 in the cost prompt group, 168 in the non-cost prompt groups). Costs were discussed in 132/311 (42.4%) encounters, and occurred more often in the cost prompt versus non-cost prompt groups (66.7% versus 33.3%; p<.001). Surgeons initiated the cost discussion in 86.4% of encounters in the cost prompt group vs. 34.1% in the non-cost prompt groups (p<0.001). In the non-cost prompt groups, insurance or employment questions led patients to ask about costs. Cost discussions lasted about 34 seconds when present and had sparse comparative details. Conclusions. Encounter DAs containing cost information trigger cost discussions. Additional support should help clinicians improve the quality of cost discussions and address financial distress.

The cost-effectiveness of patient decision aids: A systematic review

Healthcare ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Trenaman ◽  
Stirling Bryan ◽  
Nick Bansback
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Patient Decision Aids ◽  
Patient Decision ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Taking score of Early Warning Scores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlee Vinegar ◽  
Michelle Kwong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Early Warning Scores ◽  
The Cost

Early warning scores (EWS) and similar decision aids that rely on patient vital signs to predict patient risk of deterioration may play an important role in mitigating costs incurred as a result of the need to escalate care. Their use on medical and surgical wards as well as in emergency departments has become increasingly common. In these settings EWSs show potential in being able to alert medical staff to patients at high risk allowing for early intervention and increased monitoring in their care. Beyond the predictive ability of EWSs, factors such as institutional capacity, patient characteristics, and staff training on EWS protocols may also play an important role in determining the effectiveness, and consequently the cost effectiveness, of EWSs. If executed appropriately, the preventive opportunities created by EWSs may have substantial benefits for both patients and the healthcare system as a whole. Prudent implementation is therefore essential when introducing new EWSs and future assessments should evaluate these components as well.

The Effect of Perceived Consequence on Automation Reliance in a Human-Automation Collaborative System

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (21) ◽  
pp. 1851-1855
Author(s):  
Neta Ezer ◽  
Arthur D. Fisk ◽  
Wendy A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
Collaborative System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Different Levels

As automated systems are entering new environments, some of which involve high-risk decision making, it is critical that we understand in what situations people will or will not rely on the recommendations of automated decision aids. It is theorized that in deciding whether to trust automation people consider perceived consequence, weighing the cost associated with inappropriate action or inaction and the psychological cost associated with verifying the aid. This study will address the effect that perceived consequence has on attitudes and behavior toward decision aids by exposing participants to different levels of consequence, manipulated by the cost associated with making a mistake and the cost needed to verify the aid. It is expected that as the cost of making a mistake increases and the cost of verifying the automation decreases, trust and reliance in a decision aid will decrease.

A Review of Computer Systems in Blood Banks and Discussion of the Applicability of Mathematical Decision Methods

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Page
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donor ◽  
System Development ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Decision Methods ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost

The fast progress of transfusion medicine is leading to higher requirements in blood donor and transfusion services which can only be met by EDP in the long run.This article gives an overview on the state of EDP system development in blood banks. The emphasis is on EDP systems in blood donor services. However, some transfusion medical EDP applications are also mentioned. The functional application areas of EDP are shown. The cost-benefit ratio of computer systems in this field is discussed and systems in operation or under development are compared in tabulated, form. Of particular interest in this comparison is the aspect of the applicability of mathematical decision methods for providing decision aids in blood banks by the computer.The cost-efficiency of systems providing improved medical services at the same time leads to the conclusion that a fast growth of EDP applications in blood donor and transfusion services can be expected.

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