Developmental trajectories of reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences over time

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Lansford ◽  
Kenneth A. Dodge ◽  
John E. Bates ◽  
Gregory S. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Road Maintenance in Africa: Approaches and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Mostafa Hassan M
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Over Time

In Africa, roads are the dominant mode of passenger and freight transport, for which the need is growing rapidly. It is noticeable that most of the African countries do not do enough to ensure the sustainability of road infrastructure as it has been widely reported that roads are affected, to varying degrees, by premature deterioration. Most of the African countries have adopted institutional reforms, notably entailing the creation of road funds and road agencies, and made significant progress on road maintenance. However, many challenges remain to be addressed in all of them to ensure appropriate maintenance. Although spending on road maintenance has increased over time in all African countries it remains insufficient to cover the needs. Poorly maintained roads constrain mobility, significantly raise vehicle operating costs, increase accident rates and their associated human and property costs, and aggravate isolation, poverty, poor health, and illiteracy in rural communities. This paper focuses, in particular, on road maintenance in some African countries considering types of road maintenance and the different approaches aiming at a comparison to reflect on similarities and differences.

scholarly journals Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850
Author(s):  
Veerle Ross ◽  
Nora Reinolsmann ◽  
Jill Lobbestael ◽  
Chantal Timmermans ◽  
Tom Brijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Driving Anger ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit measures associated with reactive and proactive aggression to trait driving anger, while considering age. The sample consisted of 42 male drivers. The implicit measures included a self-aggression association (i.e., Single-Target Implicit Association Test) and an attentional aggression bias (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task). Reactive aggression related positively with trait driving anger. Moreover, a self-aggression association negatively related to trait driving anger. Finally, an interaction effect for age suggested that only in young male drivers, higher proactive aggression related to lower trait driving anger. These preliminary results motivate further attention to the combination of explicit and implicit measures related to reactive and proactive aggression in trait driving anger research.

Reactive and proactive aggression in sexual homicide offenders

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 101728
Author(s):  
Jonathan James ◽  
Tamsin Higgs ◽  
Stephanie Langevin
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Sexual Homicide ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Reactive and Proactive Aggression Differentially Predict Later Conduct Problems

1998 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Vitaro ◽  
Paul L. Gendreau ◽  
Richard E. Tremblay ◽  
Patrice Oligny
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

scholarly journals Identifying cognitive predictors of reactive and proactive aggression

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Brugman ◽  
Jill Lobbestael ◽  
Arnoud Arntz ◽  
Maaike Cima ◽  
Teresa Schuhmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression
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