Perceived risk and unrealistic optimism: Two sides of the same coin?

La percezione del rischio in adolescenza: costruzione e validazione di strumenti di rilevazione

PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE ◽

10.3280/pds2009-002010 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 145-162

Author(s):

Anna Rosa Donizzetti

Keyword(s):

Complex System ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Key Words ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Unrealistic Optimism ◽

Perception Of Risk ◽

Personal Risk ◽

Healthy Behaviour

- If compared to other periods of life, adolescence is characterized by a tendency to implement more likely behaviours that can be harmful to health. The implementation of such behaviours stems from a complex system of assessments, in which the perception of risk is an important, though not exclusive (Petrillo, 2008), factor. To measure adolescence risk perception a question have been used to detect self-reported perceptions and another question for hetero-reported ones. In order to get less general and more suitable measures for this type of target five scales were constructed, referring to different spheres of behaviour (diet, exercise, consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, sexuality), through which subjects were asked to evaluate six possible negative outcomes for themselves and their friends, derived from each behaviour. The scales were administered to 1.107 students of Naples, almost equally distributed by gender (male 40.6% and 59.4% females) and with an average age of 15.7 years. The exploratory and confirmative factor analysis, conducted on each scale of perceived risk, self and hetero reported, showed monodimensional structures, with satisfactory psychometric properties.Key words: personal risk perception, risk perception of peers, adolescents, healthy behaviour, unrealistic optimism, detection scalesParole chiave: percezione del rischio personale, percezione del rischio dei coetanei, adolescenza, comportamenti salutari, ottimismo irrealistico, strumenti di rilevazione

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Understanding the Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms that Underlie Proxy Risk Perceptions among Caregivers of Asthmatic Children

Medical Decision Making ◽

10.1177/0272989x18759933 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 562-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James A. Shepperd ◽

Nikolette P. Lipsey ◽

Thorsten Pachur ◽

Erika A. Waters

Keyword(s):

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Asthma Exacerbation ◽

Asthma Severity ◽

Unrealistic Optimism ◽

Average Effect ◽

Minor Children ◽

Exacerbation Risk ◽

Adult Caregivers ◽

Better Than

Objective. Medical decisions made on behalf of another person—particularly those made by adult caregivers for their minor children—are often informed by the decision maker’s beliefs about the treatment’s risks and benefits. However, we know little about the cognitive and affective mechanisms influencing such “proxy” risk perceptions and about how proxy risk perceptions are related to prominent judgment phenomena. Methods. Adult caregivers of minor children with asthma ( N = 132) completed an online, cross-sectional survey assessing 1) cognitions and affects that form the basis of the availability, representativeness, and affect heuristics; 2) endorsement of the absent-exempt and the better-than-average effect; and 3) proxy perceived risk and unrealistic comparative optimism of an asthma exacerbation. We used the Pediatric Asthma Control and Communication Instrument (PACCI) to assess asthma severity. Results. Respondents with higher scores on availability, representativeness, and negative affect indicated higher proxy risk perceptions and (for representativeness only) lower unrealistic optimism, irrespective of asthma severity. Conversely, respondents who showed a stronger display of the better-than-average effect indicated lower proxy risk perceptions but did not differ in unrealistic optimism. The absent-exempt effect was unrelated to proxy risk perceptions and unrealistic optimism. Conclusion. Heuristic judgment processes appear to contribute to caregivers’ proxy risk perceptions of their child’s asthma exacerbation risk. Moreover, the display of other, possibly erroneous, judgment phenomena is associated with lower caregiver risk perceptions. Designing interventions that target these mechanisms may help caregivers work with their children to reduce exacerbation risk.

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Characterization of defects in tabular silver halide grains

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100178367 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 1046-1047

Author(s):

C. Goessens ◽

D. Schryvers ◽

J. Van Landuyt ◽

A. Verbeeck ◽

R. De Keyzer

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Silver Halide ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

X Ray ◽

Free Region ◽

Central Defect ◽

Crystallographic Defects ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Two Sides

Silver halide grains (AgX, X=Cl,Br,I) are commonly recognized as important entities in photographic applications. Depending on the preparation specifications one can grow cubic, octahedral, tabular a.o. morphologies, each with its own physical and chemical characteristics. In the present study crystallographic defects introduced by the mixing of 5-20% iodide in a growing AgBr tabular grain are investigated. X-ray diffractometry reveals the existence of a homogeneous Ag(Br1-xIx) region, expected to be formed around the AgBr kernel. In fig. 1 a two-beam BF image, taken at T≈100 K to diminish radiation damage, of a triangular tabular grain is presented, clearly showing defect contrast fringes along four of the six directions; the remaining two sides show similar contrast under relevant diffraction conditions. The width of the central defect free region corresponds with the pure AgBr kernel grown before the mixing with I. The thickness of a given grain lies between 0.15 and 0.3 μm: as indicated in fig. 2 triangular (resp. hexagonal) grains exhibit an uneven (resp. even) number of twin interfaces (i.e., between + and - twin variants) parallel with the (111) surfaces. The thickness of the grains and the existence of the twin variants was confirmed from CTEM images of perpendicular cuts.

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The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1017/s107311050000749x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 181-184

Author(s):

Amy Garrigues

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Court Decisions ◽

Patent Holder ◽

Trial Court ◽

Court Of Appeals ◽

The Us ◽

Antitrust Laws ◽

Per Se ◽

Appeals Court ◽

Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

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The Two Sides of Temporal Orienting

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 142-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ángel Correa ◽

Paola Cappucci ◽

Anna C. Nobre ◽

Juan Lupiáñez

Keyword(s):

Executive Control ◽

Stroop Effect ◽

Traffic Situation ◽

Target Onset ◽

Stimulus Features ◽

Two Sides ◽

Spatial Stroop Effect ◽

Probable Interval ◽

Spatial Stroop ◽

Temporal Orienting

Would it be helpful to inform a driver about when a conflicting traffic situation is going to occur? We tested whether temporal orienting of attention could enhance executive control to select among conflicting stimuli and responses. Temporal orienting was induced by presenting explicit cues predicting the most probable interval for target onset, which could be short (400 ms) or long (1,300 ms). Executive control was measured both by flanker and Simon tasks involving conflict between incompatible responses and by the spatial Stroop task involving conflict between perceptual stimulus features. The results showed that temporal orienting facilitated the resolution of perceptual conflict by reducing the spatial Stroop effect, whereas it interfered with the resolution of response conflict by increasing flanker and Simon effects. Such opposite effects suggest that temporal orienting of attention modulates executive control through dissociable mechanisms, depending on whether the competition between conflicting representations is located at perceptual or response levels.

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