Contrasting dual-process and unequal-variance signal detection models of recognition memory

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Parks ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
Neal E. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Unequal Variance

scholarly journals The unequal variance signal-detection model of recognition memory: Investigating the encoding variability hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1260
Author(s):  
Rory W Spanton ◽  
Christopher J Berry
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Strength Variance ◽  
Back Task

Despite the unequal variance signal-detection (UVSD) model’s prominence as a model of recognition memory, a psychological explanation for the unequal variance assumption has yet to be verified. According to the encoding variability hypothesis, old item memory strength variance (σo) is greater than that of new items because items are incremented by variable, rather than fixed, amounts of strength at encoding. Conditions that increase encoding variability should therefore result in greater estimates of σo. We conducted three experiments to test this prediction. In Experiment 1, encoding variability was manipulated by presenting items for a fixed or variable (normally distributed) duration at study. In Experiment 2, we used an attentional manipulation whereby participants studied items while performing an auditory one-back task in which distractors were presented at fixed or variable intervals. In Experiment 3, participants studied stimuli with either high or low variance in word frequency. Across experiments, estimates of σo were unaffected by our attempts to manipulate encoding variability, even though the manipulations weakly affected subsequent recognition. Instead, estimates of σo tended to be positively correlated with estimates of the mean difference in strength between new and studied items ( d), as might be expected if σo generally scales with d. Our results show that it is surprisingly hard to successfully manipulate encoding variability, and they provide a signpost for others seeking to test the encoding variability hypothesis.

scholarly journals Evidence for the Contribution of A Threshold Retrieval Process to Semantic Memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2026-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kempnich ◽  
Josephine A. Urquhart ◽  
Akira R. O'Connor ◽  
Chris J.A. Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Semantic Task ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model

It is widely held that episodic retrieval can recruit two processes: a threshold context retrieval process (recollection) and a continuous signal strength process (familiarity). Conversely the processes recruited during semantic retrieval are less well specified. We developed a semantic task analogous to single-item episodic recognition to interrogate semantic recognition receiver-operating characteristics (ROCs) for a marker of a threshold retrieval process. We fitted observed ROC points to three signal detection models: two models typically used in episodic recognition (unequal variance and dual-process signal detection models) and a novel dual-process recollect-to-reject (DP-RR) signal detection model that allows a threshold recollection process to aid both target identification and lure rejection. Given the nature of most semantic questions, we anticipated the DP-RR model would best fit the semantic task data. Experiment 1 (506 participants) provided evidence for a threshold retrieval process in semantic memory, with overall best fits to the DP-RR model. Experiment 2 (316 participants) found within-subjects estimates of episodic and semantic threshold retrieval to be uncorrelated. Our findings add weight to the proposal that semantic and episodic memory are served by similar dual-process retrieval systems, though the relationship between the two threshold processes needs to be more fully elucidated.

scholarly journals Bias effects in a two-stage recognition paradigm: A challenge for ‘pure’ threshold and signal detection models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuli Ma ◽  
Jeffrey Joseph Starns ◽  
David Kellen
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Word Target ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Single Item

We explored a two-stage recognition memory paradigm in which people first make single-item “studied”/“not studied” decisions and then have a chance to correct their errors in forced-choice trials. Each forced-choice trial included one studied word (“target”) and one non-studied word (“lure”) that received the same previous single-item response. For example, a “studied”-“studied” trial would have a target that was correctly called “studied” and a lure that was incorrectly called “studied.” The two-high-threshold (2HT) model and the unequal-variance signal detection (UVSD) model predict opposite effects of biasing the initial single-item responses on subsequent forced-choice accuracy. Results from two experiments showed that the bias effect is actually near zero and well out of the range of effects predicted by either model. Follow-up analyses showed that the model failures were not a function of experiment artifacts like changing memory states between the two types of recognition trials. Follow-up analyses also showed that the dual process signal detection (DPSD) model made better predictions for the forced-choice data than 2HT and UVSD models.

Signal-Detection, Threshold, and Dual-Process Models of Recognition Memory: ROCs and Conscious Recollection

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
Ian Dobbins ◽  
Michael D. Szymanski ◽  
Harpreet S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Ling King
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Models ◽  
Conscious Recollection

Word-Imagery Effects on Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Significant Enhancement ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Familiarity In Recognition Memory ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
French Speaking

The Remember/Know procedure was used to investigate the effects of word imageability on recognition memory. An experiment, using French-speaking undergraduate students (17 women and 3 men), replicated Dewhurst and Conway's 1994 finding that rated imageability significantly increased accurate Remember responses but not Know responses when analyzed in the traditional way, assuming that the response types are mutually exclusive. Data were also analyzed using the Yonelinas, et al. 1998 dual-process signal-detection model, for estimating recollection and familiarity while assuming that Remember and Know responses are independent. Analysis indicated significant enhancement of imageability for estimates of both recollection and familiarity. This was interpreted as meaning that imageability enhanced both item-specific and contextual information associated with studied words.

scholarly journals A direct test of the unequal-variance signal detection model of recognition memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mickes ◽  
John T. Wixted ◽  
Peter E. Wais
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model
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