Modulation of the potentiated startle response: The role of temperament

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Snidman ◽  
Jerome Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Startle Response

scholarly journals The role of spinal cord cyclic AMP in the acoustic startle response in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3250-3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Kehne ◽  
DI Astrachan ◽  
E Astrachan ◽  
JF Tallman ◽  
M Davis
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Startle Response

scholarly journals Dynamic networks of PTSD symptoms during conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (14) ◽  
pp. 2409-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talya Greene ◽  
Marc Gelkopf ◽  
Sacha Epskamp ◽  
Eiko Fried
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Using Data

AbstractBackgroundConceptualizing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a dynamic system of causal elements could provide valuable insights into the way that PTSD develops and is maintained in traumatized individuals. We present the first study to apply a multilevel network model to produce an exploratory empirical conceptualization of dynamic networks of PTSD symptoms, using data collected during a period of conflict.MethodsIntensive longitudinal assessment data were collected during the Israel–Gaza War in July–August 2014. The final sample (n = 96) comprised a general population sample of Israeli adult civilians exposed to rocket fire. Participants completed twice-daily reports of PTSD symptoms via smartphone for 30 days. We used a multilevel vector auto-regression model to produce contemporaneous and temporal networks, and a partial correlation network model to obtain a between-subjects network.ResultsMultilevel network analysis found strong positive contemporaneous associations between hypervigilance and startle response, avoidance of thoughts and avoidance of reminders, and between flashbacks and emotional reactivity. The temporal network indicated the central role of startle response as a predictor of future PTSD symptomatology, together with restricted affect, blame, negative emotions, and avoidance of thoughts. There were some notable differences between the temporal and contemporaneous networks, including the presence of a number of negative associations, particularly from blame. The between-person network indicated flashbacks and emotional reactivity to be the most central symptoms.ConclusionsThis study suggests various symptoms that could potentially be driving the development of PTSD. We discuss clinical implications such as identifying particular symptoms as targets for interventions.

Induced Positive Affect Reduces the Magnitude of the Startle Response and Prepulse Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Juan C. Ruiz-Salas ◽  
Luis G. De la Casa
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Startling Stimulus

Abstract. The startle response is a reflex that represents a form of adaptation to environmental changes potentially relevant to survival. Startle magnitude can change depending on a number of factors such as the affective state of the organism during the presentation of the startle-inducing stimulus, or the so-called Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) that occurs when the startling stimulus (or Pulse) is preceded by a low-intensity stimulus (or Prepulse). This paper describes an experiment designed to analyze the impact of an induced positive affect on the magnitude of the startle response and PPI in adult humans. Specifically, each participant received alternating exposures to a picture of a face of a loved person (positive affect condition) or to a picture of a face of an unknown person (control condition) while the startle response and PPI were recorded. The results showed a decrease in both the magnitude of the startle response and percent PPI on the positive affect trials when compared with the control trials. These results are interpreted from psychophysiological and psychological perspectives considering the role of emotions in adaptive behavior.

Dorsal striatum D1-expressing neurons are involved with sensorimotor gating on prepulse inhibition test

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samanta Rodrigues ◽  
Cristiane Salum ◽  
Tatiana L Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Stimulus Pulse ◽  
D1 And D2 Receptors

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a behavioral test in which the startle reflex response to a high-intensity stimulus (pulse) is inhibited by the prior presentation of a weak stimulus (prepulse). The classic neural circuitry that mediates startle response is localized in the brainstem; however, recent studies point to the contribution of structures involved in higher cognitive functions in regulating the sensorimotor gating, particularly forebrain regions innervated by dopaminergic nuclei. The aim of the present study was to verify the role of dorsal striatum (DS) and dopaminergic transmitting mediated by D1 and D2 receptors on PPI test in rats. DS inactivation induced by muscimol injection did not affect PPI (%PPI and startle response), although it impaired the locomotor activity and caused catalepsy. Infusion of D1-like antagonist SCH23390 impaired %PPI but did not disturb the startle response and locomotor activity evaluated immediately after PPI test. D2 antagonist microinjection (sulpiride) did not affect %PPI and startle response, but impaired motor activity. These results point to an important role of DS, probably mediated by direct basal ganglia pathway, on modulation of sensorimotor gating, in accordance with clinical studies showing PPI deficits in schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and compulsive disorders – pathologies related to basal ganglia dysfunctions.

scholarly journals Role of the PACAP system of the extended amygdala in the acoustic startle response in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 107761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariel P. Seiglie ◽  
Lillian Huang ◽  
Pietro Cottone ◽  
Valentina Sabino
Keyword(s):  
Startle Response ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Startle Response ◽  
Extended Amygdala
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