Attention as coordination for action-inhibition during preparation and programming as an explanation for autonomic and cortical changes

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Jennings ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Action Inhibition

scholarly journals Preparing to React: A Behavioral Study on the Interplay between Proactive and Reactive Action Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Stefania C. Ficarella ◽  
Andrea Desantis ◽  
Alexandre Zénon ◽  
Boris Burle
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Errors Analysis ◽  
Action Inhibition

Motor preparation, based on one’s goals and expectations, allows for prompt reactions to stimulations from the environment. Proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms modulate this preparation and interact to allow a flexible control of responses. In this study, we investigate these two control mechanisms with an ad hoc cued Go/NoGo Simon paradigm in a within-subjects design, and by measuring subliminal motor activities through electromyographic recordings. Go cues instructed participants to prepare a response and wait for target onset to execute it (Go target) or inhibit it (NoGo target). Proactive inhibition keeps the prepared response in check, hence preventing false alarms. Preparing the cue-coherent effector in advance speeded up responses, even when it turned out to be the incorrect effector and reactive inhibition was needed to perform the action with the contralateral one. These results suggest that informative cues allow for the investigation of the interaction between proactive and reactive action inhibition. Partial errors’ analysis suggests that their appearance in compatible conflict-free trials depends on cue type and prior preparatory motor activity. Motor preparation plays a key role in determining whether proactive inhibition is needed to flexibly control behavior, and it should be considered when investigating proactive/reactive inhibition.

scholarly journals Levaduras: probióticos y prebióticos que mejoran la producción animal

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilce Castro ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adhesive Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Growth Of Animals ◽  
Action Inhibition ◽  
Stimulation Of

<p>A fin de reducir el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos en la producción animal, se ha explorado el uso de diversas alternativas entre las que se encuentran probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos los cuales representan un avance terapéutico potencialmen­te significativo y seguro. Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que agregarse como suplemento en la dieta, favorecen la digestión y ayudan al mantenimiento del equilibrio de la flora microbiana en el intestino. Los prebióticos son ingredientes no digeribles de la dieta que estimulan el crecimiento o la actividad de uno o más tipos de bacterias benéficas en el colon. Los simbióticos combinan en sus formulaciones principios prebióticos y probióticos que actúan sinérgicamente. Estos productos al ser suministrados directamente a los animales mejoran su metabolismo, salud y produc­ción. Entre los probióticos se cuentan las levaduras que inducen efectos positivos en términos de desempeño productivo en especies monogástricas, pero no pueden colo­nizar el tracto digestivo. En monogástricos los principales efectos de la suplementación con levaduras y sus derivados (mananos) son la estimulación de las disacaridasas de las microvellosidades, el efecto antiadhesivo frente a patógenos, la estimulación de la inmunidad no específica, la inhibición de la acción tóxica y el efecto antagonista frente a microorganismos patógenos. Por otra parte, las enzimas, minerales, vitaminas y otros nutrientes o factores de crecimiento que producen las levaduras inducen respuestas benéficas en la producción animal. Por todo esto los probióticos, prebióticos y sim­bióticos ofrecen la posibilidad de mantener el crecimiento de animales alimentados con dietas sin antibióticos y bajo condiciones de estrés. Esta revisión versa sobre los mecanismos mediante los cuales las levaduras y sus biomoléculas derivadas afectan de manera positiva los componentes celulares, tejidos y sistemas de los animales, lo cual tiene influencia sobre los niveles de producción y la salud del huésped.</p><p> </p><p class="Default"><strong>Yeast: probiotics and prebiotics to improve animal production systems</strong></p><p class="Default">To decrease the indiscriminate use of anti­biotics in animal production, different alternatives like probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics have been explored and represent a potentially significant therapeutic and safe advance. The probiotics are living microor­ganisms that added as a diet supplement, favor the digestion and help to maintain the microbial flora equilibrium in the intestine. The prebiotics are non digestible ingredients of the diet that stimulate the growth or the activity of one or more types of bacteria in colon. The symbiotics combine in their for­mulations prebiotic and probiotic principles, which allows to take advantage from the benefits of this union. These products being formulated directly to the animals improve their metabolism, health and production. Yeast are among the probiotics that induce positive effects in terms of productive perfor­mances in monogastric species, but cannot colonize the digestive tract. In monogastric species the main effects of yeast supplemen­tation and their derivates (mannans) are the stimulation of the brush border disacchari­dases, the anti-adhesive effect against patho­gens colonization, the stimulation of non specific immunity, a toxin action inhibition, and the antagonistic effect against pathogenic microorganisms. Likewise enzymes, mine-rals, vitamins and other nutrients or growth factors that produce yeast trigger beneficial production responses in animal production. Probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics there­fore offers the possibility to maintain growth of animals fed with antibiotic-free diets or in conditions of high stress. This minireview discusses the mechanisms by which yeasts and their biomolecules can affect in a posi­tive manner animals’ cellular, tissular and systemic components and their influence on the level of production and health of the host.</p>

scholarly journals Please, don't do it! Fifteen years of progress of non-invasive brain stimulation in action inhibition

Cortex ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 404-422
Author(s):  
Sara Borgomaneri ◽  
Gianluigi Serio ◽  
Simone Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Action Inhibition

scholarly journals Valenced action/inhibition learning in humans is modulated by a genetic variant linked to dopamine D2 receptor expression

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Richter ◽  
Marc Guitart-Masip ◽  
Adriana Barman ◽  
Catherine Libeau ◽  
Gusalija Behnisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Dopamine D2 ◽  
Action Inhibition

Should I stop or should I go? A differential role of PMD And SMA in action inhibition, a TMS study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
S. Parmigiani ◽  
B. Zattera ◽  
L. Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Action Inhibition

scholarly journals Midfrontal neural dynamics distinguish between general control and inhibition-specific processes in the stopping of motor actions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Kaiser ◽  
Natalie Annette Simon ◽  
Paul Sauseng ◽  
Simone Schütz-Bosbach
Keyword(s):  
Error Rates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
General Control ◽  
Selective Marker ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Action Change ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Action Inhibition ◽  
Theta Range

Abstract Action inhibition, the suppression of action impulses, is crucial for goal-directed behaviour. In order to dissociate neural mechanisms specific to motor stopping from general control processes which are also relevant for other types of conflict adjustments, we compared midfrontal oscillatory activity in human volunteers via EEG between action inhibition and two other types of motor conflicts, unexpected action activation and unexpected action change. Error rates indicated that action activation was significantly easier than the other two equally demanding tasks. Midfrontal brain oscillations were significantly stronger for inhibition than for both other conflict types. This was driven by increases in the delta range (2–3 Hz), which were higher for inhibition than activation and action change. Increases in the theta range (4–7 Hz) were equally high for inhibition and change, but lower for action activation. These findings suggest that inhibition is facilitated by neural mechanisms specific to motor-stopping, with midfrontal delta being a potentially selective marker of motor inhibition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document