Do Executive Motor-Control Mechanisms Regulate Monetary Choice and Gambling?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Verbruggen ◽  
Rachel Adams ◽  
Chris Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms

scholarly journals Handedness results from complementary hemispheric dominance, not global hemispheric dominance: evidence from mechanically coupled bilateral movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Woytowicz ◽  
Kelly P. Westlake ◽  
Jill Whitall ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Task Component ◽  
The Right

Two contrasting views of handedness can be described as 1) complementary dominance, in which each hemisphere is specialized for different aspects of motor control, and 2) global dominance, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for all aspects of motor control. The present study sought to determine which motor lateralization hypothesis best predicts motor performance during common bilateral task of stabilizing an object (e.g., bread) with one hand while applying forces to the object (e.g., slicing) using the other hand. We designed an experimental equivalent of this task, performed in a virtual environment with the unseen arms supported by frictionless air-sleds. The hands were connected by a spring, and the task was to maintain the position of one hand while moving the other hand to a target. Thus the reaching hand was required to take account of the spring load to make smooth and accurate trajectories, while the stabilizer hand was required to impede the spring load to keep a constant position. Right-handed subjects performed two task sessions (right-hand reach and left-hand stabilize; left-hand reach and right-hand stabilize) with the order of the sessions counterbalanced between groups. Our results indicate a hand by task-component interaction such that the right hand showed straighter reaching performance whereas the left hand showed more stable holding performance. These findings provide support for the complementary dominance hypothesis and suggest that the specializations of each cerebral hemisphere for impedance and dynamic control mechanisms are expressed during bilateral interactive tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence for interlimb differences in bilateral coordination of reaching and stabilizing functions, demonstrating an advantage for the dominant and nondominant arms for distinct features of control. These results provide the first evidence for complementary specializations of each limb-hemisphere system for different aspects of control within the context of a complementary bilateral task.

scholarly journals Effect of deep brain stimulation on vocal motor control mechanisms in Parkinson's disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roozbeh Behroozmand ◽  
Karim Johari ◽  
Ryan M. Kelley ◽  
Efthymia C. Kapnoula ◽  
Nandakumar S. Narayanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Deep Brain

Alterations in Gait Initiation Are Present in Those With Posttraumatic Ankle Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A. Wikstrom ◽  
Robert B. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Gait Initiation ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Ankle Osteoarthritis ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Balance Trials

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if stereotypical patterns of gait initiation are altered in those with posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis. Ten subjects, five with unilateral ankle osteoarthritis and five uninjured controls, participated. Subjects completed the SF-36 and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale to quantify self-reported disability as well as 10 dual-limb static stance trials and 10 gait initiation trials with each leg. Center of pressure outcomes were calculated for static balance trials while the peak center of pressure excursions were calculated for each phase of gait initiation. The results indicate greater self-reported disability (P< .05) and worse static postural control (P< .05) in the ankle osteoarthritis group. Nonstereotypical patterns were also observed during the first and third phases of gait initiation in those with ankle osteoarthritis. The results of this pilot study suggest that supraspinal motor control mechanisms may have changed in those with posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis.

Adaptability of innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Berkinblit ◽  
A. G. Feldman ◽  
O. I. Fukson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Equivalence ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Dynamic Components

AbstractThe following factors underlying behavioral plasticity are discussed: (1) reflex adaptability and its role in the voluntary control of movement, (2) degrees of freedom and motor equivalence, and (3) the problem of the discrete organization of motor behavior. Our discussion concerns a variety of innate motor patterns, with emphasis on the wiping reflex in the frog.It is proposed that central regulation of stretch reflex thresholds governs voluntary control over muscle force and length. This suggestion is an integral part of the equilibrium-point hypothesis, two versions of which are compared.Kinematic analysis of the wiping reflex in the spinal frog has shown that each stimulated skin site is associated with a group of different but equally effective trajectories directed to the target site. Such phenomena reflect the principle of motor equivalence -the capacity of the neuronal structures responsible for movement to select one or another of a set of possible trajectories leading to the goal. Redundancy of degrees of freedom at the neuronal level as well as at the mechanical level of the body's joints makes motor equivalence possible. This sort of equivalence accommodates the overall flexibility of motor behavior.An integrated behavioral act or a single movement consists of dynamic components. We distinguish six components for the wiping reflex, each associated with a certain functional goal, specific body positions, and motor-equivalent movement patterns. The nervous system can combine the available components in various ways in forming integrated behavioral sequences. The significance of command neuronal organization is discussed with respect to (1) the combinatory strategy of the nervous system and (2) the relation between continuous and discrete forms of motor control. We conclude that voluntary movements are effected by the central nervous system with the help of the mechanisms that underlie the variability and modifiability of innate motor patterns.

scholarly journals Emerging ideas and tools to study the emergent properties of the cortical neural circuits for voluntary motor control in non-human primates

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Kalaska
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Voluntary Motor ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies

For years, neurophysiological studies of the cerebral cortical mechanisms of voluntary motor control were limited to single-electrode recordings of the activity of one or a few neurons at a time. This approach was supported by the widely accepted belief that single neurons were the fundamental computational units of the brain (the “neuron doctrine”). Experiments were guided by motor-control models that proposed that the motor system attempted to plan and control specific parameters of a desired action, such as the direction, speed or causal forces of a reaching movement in specific coordinate frameworks, and that assumed that the controlled parameters would be expressed in the task-related activity of single neurons. The advent of chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays about 20 years ago permitted the simultaneous recording of the activity of many neurons. This greatly enhanced the ability to study neural control mechanisms at the population level. It has also shifted the focus of the analysis of neural activity from quantifying single-neuron correlates with different movement parameters to probing the structure of multi-neuron activity patterns to identify the emergent computational properties of cortical neural circuits. In particular, recent advances in “dimension reduction” algorithms have attempted to identify specific covariance patterns in multi-neuron activity which are presumed to reflect the underlying computational processes by which neural circuits convert the intention to perform a particular movement into the required causal descending motor commands. These analyses have led to many new perspectives and insights on how cortical motor circuits covertly plan and prepare to initiate a movement without causing muscle contractions, transition from preparation to overt execution of the desired movement, generate muscle-centered motor output commands, and learn new motor skills. Progress is also being made to import optical-imaging and optogenetic toolboxes from rodents to non-human primates to overcome some technical limitations of multi-electrode recording technology.

scholarly journals Contributions of Auditory and Somatosensory Feedback to Vocal Motor Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2039-2053
Author(s):  
Dante J. Smith ◽  
Cara Stepp ◽  
Frank H. Guenther ◽  
Elaine Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Somatosensory Feedback ◽  
Perturbation Experiment ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Auditory Acuity ◽  
Auditory Feedback Control

Purpose To better define the contributions of somatosensory and auditory feedback in vocal motor control, a laryngeal perturbation experiment was conducted with and without masking of auditory feedback. Method Eighteen native speakers of English produced a sustained vowel while their larynx was physically and externally displaced on a subset of trials. For the condition with auditory masking, speech-shaped noise was played via earphones at 90 dB SPL. Responses to the laryngeal perturbation were compared to responses by the same participants to an auditory perturbation experiment that involved a 100-cent downward shift in fundamental frequency ( f o ). Responses were also examined in relation to a measure of auditory acuity. Results Compensatory responses to the laryngeal perturbation were observed with and without auditory masking. The level of compensation was greatest in the laryngeal perturbation condition without auditory masking, followed by the condition with auditory masking; the level of compensation was smallest in the auditory perturbation experiment. No relationship was found between the degree of compensation to auditory versus laryngeal perturbations, and the variation in responses in both perturbation experiments was not related to auditory acuity. Conclusions The findings indicate that somatosensory and auditory feedback control mechanisms work together to compensate for laryngeal perturbations, resulting in the greatest degree of compensation when both sources of feedback are available. In contrast, these two control mechanisms work in competition in response to auditory perturbations, resulting in an overall smaller degree of compensation. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12559628

scholarly journals Effector-independent brain network for auditory-motor integration: fMRI evidence from singing and cello playing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Segado ◽  
Robert J. Zatorre ◽  
Virginia B. Penhune
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Pitch Regulation ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMany everyday tasks share high-level sensory goals but differ in the movements used to accomplish them. One example of this is musical pitch regulation, where the same notes can be produced using the vocal system or a musical instrument controlled by the hands. Cello playing has previously been shown to rely on brain structures within the singing network for performance of single notes, except in areas related to primary motor control, suggesting that the brain networks for auditory feedback processing and sensorimotor integration may be shared (Segado et al. 2018). However, research has shown that singers and cellists alike can continue singing/playing in tune even in the absence of auditory feedback (Chen et al. 2013, Kleber et al. 2013), so different paradigms are required to test feedback monitoring and control mechanisms. In singing, auditory pitch feedback perturbation paradigms have been used to show that singers engage a network of brain regions including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula (aINS), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) when compensating for incorrect pitch feedback, and posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) when ignoring it (Zarate et al. 2005, 2008). To determine whether the brain networks for cello playing and singing directly overlap in these sensory-motor integration areas, in the present study expert cellists were asked to compensate for or ignore introduced pitch perturbations when singing/playing during fMRI scanning. We found that cellists were able to sing/play target tones, and compensate for and ignore introduced feedback perturbations equally well. Brain activity overlapped for singing and playing in IPS and SMG when compensating, and pSTG and dPMC when ignoring; differences between singing/playing across all three conditions were most prominent in M1, centered on the relevant motor effectors (hand, larynx). These findings support the hypothesis that pitch regulation during cello playing relies on structures within the singing network and suggests that differences arise primarily at the level of forward motor control.HighlightsExpert cellists were asked to compensate for or ignore introduced pitch perturbations when singing/playing during fMRI scanning.Cellists were able to sing/play target tones, and compensate for and ignore introduced feedback perturbations equally well.Brain activity overlapped for singing and playing in IPS and SMG when compensating, and pSTG and dPMC when ignoring.Differences between singing/playing across were most prominent in M1, centered around the relevant motor effectors (hand, larynx)Findings support the hypothesis that pitch regulation during cello playing relies on structures within the singing network with differences arising primarily at the level of forward motor control

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