Multidimensional source monitoring: Prior retrieval of one source attribute improves source memory for a second

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Dewitt ◽  
Justin B. Knight ◽  
B. Hunter Ball ◽  
Jason L. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring

Metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements: The role of perceived differences in item recognition

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Meiser ◽  
Christine Sattler ◽  
Ulrich Von Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Monitoring Model ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Different Sources

This research investigated the hypothesis that metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements are based on the recognition or nonrecognition of an event together with perceived or expected differences in the recognizability of events from different sources. The hypothesis was tested with a multinomial source-monitoring model that allowed separation of source-guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items. Experiments 1A and 1B manipulated the number of item presentations as relevant source information and revealed differential guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items, with a bias to attribute unrecognized items to the source associated with poor item recognition. Experiments 2A and 2B replicated the findings with a manipulation of presentation time and extended the analysis to subjective differences in item recognition. Experiments 3A and 3B used more natural source information by varying type of acoustic signal and demonstrated that subjective theories about differences in item recognition are sufficient to elicit differential source-guessing biases for recognized and unrecognized items. Together the findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes underlying source memory decisions, which involve episodic memory and reconstructive tendencies based on metacognitive beliefs and general world knowledge.

Source attributions for detected new items: Persistent evidence for schematic guessing

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raoul Bell ◽  
Laura Mieth ◽  
Axel Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Matching Theory ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Probability Matching ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Specific Item ◽  
Apply Probability

Performance in source-monitoring tests is not only determined by source memory but also by source guessing. Source guessing is not random as it is informed by two distinct mechanisms. (1) People may show a schema-based guessing bias and rely on cross-situationally stable world knowledge. (2) They may apply probability matching and rely on the specific item-source contingency experienced at encoding. According to probability matching theory, source guessing is based on probability matching when a specific contingency representation is available. This conclusion is derived from a source-monitoring paradigm in which no source judgements for detected new items are required. Here, we extend this paradigm to examine source guessing not only for detected old items but also for detected new items. The results suggest that participants take the old–new recognition status of the items into account when making source attributions. Probability matching is used only for detected old items: Source guessing sensitively reflects the item-source contingency for these items. For detected new items, participants resort to schema-based guessing. Using schema-based guessing rather than probability matching when judging detected new items may have the advantage that a newly acquired contingency representation that may only be locally valid is not generalised too readily at the expense of a schematic expectation that reflects a larger and more comprehensive learning history.

Semantically Clustered Words Are Stored With Integrated Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt Bröder
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Retrieval Strategies

Source memory (i.e., memory for context) has been studied with recognition tasks almost exclusively. However, encoding context affects recall stronger than recognition, presumably because of more complex retrieval strategies in the former task. An extension of Batchelder and Riefer (1980) pair-clustering model is proposed which is intended to measure the storage and retrieval of clusterable word pairs as well as the memory for the sources in which these were presented. In two experiments, the construct validity of the central model parameters is demonstrated. Furthermore, there was a strong stochastic dependency between recalling the sources of the first and the second word of a clustered pair, respectively, suggesting that not only semantic but also contextual features are bound together in clustered pairs. Advantages of using recall tests in source monitoring research are discussed.

Measuring Source Memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 215 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt Bröder ◽  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Item ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Review Model

Abstract. The investigation of source monitoring (SM) as a special faculty of episodic memory has gained much attention in recent years. However, several measures of source memory have been used in research practice that show empirical and theoretical shortcomings: First, they often confound various cognitive processes like source memory, item memory and response bias, and second, they do not do justice to the multitude of processes involved in SM according to the framework of Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay (1993) . We therefore review model-based measurement approaches, focusing on multinomial models, and we distinguish between theorizing about source memory and the pragmatics of source memory measurement as two partly separate goals of research. Whereas signal detection models seem to be more adequate theories of the underlying source monitoring process, multinomial models have some pragmatic advantages that nevertheless recommend them as viable measurement tools.

Source monitoring deficits in hallucinating compared to non-hallucinating patients with schizophrenia

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Brunelin ◽  
Marion Combris ◽  
Emmanuel Poulet ◽  
Lassad Kallel ◽  
Thierry D’Amato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
External Event ◽  
Internal Sources

AbstractIn two source memory tests, hallucinating patients with schizophrenia (N = 30), compared to non-hallucinating (N = 31), are impaired in recognizing internal self-generated items and misattribute them to an external event. They are not impaired in recognizing events from two internal sources. Results support a selective source-monitoring deficit in the occurrence of auditory hallucinations.

Inconsistency effects in source memory and compensatory schema-consistent guessing

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2042-2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Küppers ◽  
Ute J. Bayen
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Item ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree Models ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree ◽  
Tree Models ◽  
Separate Source

The attention–elaboration hypothesis of memory for schematically unexpected information predicts better source memory for unexpected than expected sources. In three source-monitoring experiments, the authors tested the occurrence of an inconsistency effect in source memory. Participants were presented with items that were schematically either very expected or very unexpected for their source. Multinomial processing tree models were used to separate source memory, item memory, and guessing bias. Results show an inconsistency effect in source memory accompanied by a compensatory schema-consistent guessing bias when expectancy strength is high, that is, when items are very expected or very unexpected for their source.

Positive and Negative Generation Effects in Source Monitoring

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Riefer ◽  
Yuchin Chien ◽  
Jason F. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
External Source ◽  
Reality Monitoring ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Formal Modelling ◽  
Source Dimensions ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Source Of Information

Research is mixed as to whether self-generation improves memory for the source of information. We propose the hypothesis that positive generation effects (better source memory for self-generated information) occur in reality-monitoring paradigms, while negative generation effects (better source memory for externally presented information) tend to occur in external source-monitoring paradigms. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment in which participants read or generated words, followed by a memory test for the source of each word (read or generated) and the word's colour. Meiser and Bröder's (2002) multinomial model for crossed source dimensions was used to analyse the data, showing that source memory for generation (reality monitoring) was superior for the generated words, while source memory for word colour (external source monitoring) was superior for the read words. The model also revealed the influence of strong response biases in the data, demonstrating the usefulness of formal modelling when examining generation effects in source monitoring.

Externalization Errors of Olfactory Source Monitoring in Healthy Controls—An fMRI Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 593-606
Author(s):  
Marcel P Leclerc ◽  
Thilo Kellermann ◽  
Jessica Freiherr ◽  
Benjamin Clemens ◽  
Ute Habel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Imagery Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Cathodal Tdcs ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Using a combined approach of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]), the present study investigated source memory and its link to mental imagery in the olfactory domain, as well as in the auditory domain. Source memory refers to the knowledge of the origin of mental experiences, differentiating events that have occurred and memories of imagined events. Because of a confusion between internally generated and externally perceived information, patients that are prone to hallucinations show decreased source memory accuracy; also, vivid mental imagery can lead to similar results in healthy controls. We tested source memory following cathodal tDCS stimulation using a mental imagery task, which required participants to perceive or imagine a set of the same olfactory and auditory stimuli during fMRI. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in mental imagery across different modalities and potentially linked to source memory. Therefore, we attempted to modulate participants’ SMA activation before entering the scanner using tDCS to influence source memory accuracy in healthy participants. Our results showed the same source memory accuracy between the olfactory and auditory modalities with no effects of stimulation. Finally, we found SMA’s subregions differentially involved in olfactory and auditory imagery, with activation of dorsal SMA correlated with auditory source memory.

scholarly journals The Executive Control of Face Memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Z. Rapcsak ◽  
Emily C. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Constructive Process

Patients with frontal lobe damage and cognitively normal elderly individuals demonstrate increased susceptibility to false facial recognition. In this paper we review neuropsychological evidence consistent with the notion that the common functional impairment underlying face memory distortions in both subject populations is a context recollection/source monitoring deficit, coupled with excessive reliance on relatively preserved facial familiarity signals in recognition decisions. In particular, we suggest that due to the breakdown of strategic memory retrieval, monitoring, and decision operations, individuals with frontal lobe impairment caused by focal damage or age-related functional decline do not have a reliable mechanism for attributing the experience of familiarity to the correct context or source. Memory illusions are mostly apparent under conditions of uncertainty when the face cue does not directly elicit relevant identity-specific contextual information, leaving the source of familiarity unspecified or ambiguous. Based on these findings, we propose that remembering faces is a constructive process that requires dynamic interactions between temporal lobe memory systems that operate in an automatic or bottom-up fashion and frontal executive systems that provide strategic top-down control of recollection. Executive memory control functions implemented by prefrontal cortex play a critical role in suppressing false facial recognition and related source memory misattributions.

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