Comparing incidental and deliberate phonological word-form learning

Wheeldon and Monsell (this issue) found that production of a word in response to a definition had a large and long-lasting facilitatory effect on latency for later production of the same word to name a pictured object, and that this priming effect was not due to repeated production of the phonological word-form per se. This paper reports a further test of the locus of the effect. Welsh-English bilinguals named pictured objects in Welsh. Half the words were primed either by their earlier production in Welsh in response to Welsh definitions or by production of their equivalents in English in response to English definitions. Substantial facilitation resulted from prior production in the same language, none from prior production in the other language—provided that the equivalents differed in phonological form. Given that priming results neither from repeated activation of a meaning when different phonological forms are produced, nor from repetition of the same phonological form in response to different meanings, the priming effect must be localized in the connection between a word's meaning and its phonological form. We also put forward an account of bilingual lexicalization that accommodates this result together with some evidence indicating that production of words in one language is not wholly insulated from the “availability” of words in the other.

Download Full-text

A model linking immediate serial recall, the Hebb repetition effect and the learning of phonological word forms

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2009.0173 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 364 (1536) ◽

pp. 3737-3753 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

M. P. A. Page ◽

D. Norris

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Serial Recall ◽

Digit Span ◽

Repetition Effect ◽

Word Form ◽

Immediate Serial Recall ◽

Phonological Word ◽

Modelling Framework ◽

Word Forms ◽

Hebb Repetition Effect

We briefly review the considerable evidence for a common ordering mechanism underlying both immediate serial recall (ISR) tasks (e.g. digit span, non-word repetition) and the learning of phonological word forms. In addition, we discuss how recent work on the Hebb repetition effect is consistent with the idea that learning in this task is itself a laboratory analogue of the sequence-learning component of phonological word-form learning. In this light, we present a unifying modelling framework that seeks to account for ISR and Hebb repetition effects, while being extensible to word-form learning. Because word-form learning is performed in the service of later word recognition, our modelling framework also subsumes a mechanism for word recognition from continuous speech. Simulations of a computational implementation of the modelling framework are presented and are shown to be in accordance with data from the Hebb repetition paradigm.

Download Full-text

Phonological word-form learning

10.17077/etd.tzmbydno ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie Leona Packard

Keyword(s):

Word Form ◽

Phonological Word

Download Full-text

Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical English

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636644 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

pp. 84-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. W. Pratt ◽

M. Pacak

Keyword(s):

Word Form ◽

Subsequent Transformation ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Morphological Segmentation ◽

Medical English ◽

Nominal Form ◽

Admissible Path ◽

Near Future ◽

The Given ◽

Admissible Sequences

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -Ø, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC → -X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-identical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is open-ended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

Download Full-text

Relationship between the target word form and children’s productions: place of articulation in Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (C1VC2) words in American English

Phonetica ◽

10.1515/phon-2019-0061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 65-94

Author(s):

Katsura Aoyama ◽

Barbara L. Davis

Keyword(s):

Target Word ◽

American English ◽

English Word ◽

Word Form ◽

Single Word ◽

Place Of Articulation ◽

Target Words

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between characteristics of children’s target words and their actual productions during the single-word period in American English. Word productions in spontaneous and functional speech from 18 children acquiring American English were analyzed. Consonant sequences in 3,328 consonant-vowel-consonant (C1VC2) target words were analyzed in terms of global place of articulation (labials, coronals, and dorsals). Children’s actual productions of place sequences were compared between target words containing repeated place sequences (e.g., mom, map, dad, not) and target words containing variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap). Overall, when the target word contained two consonants at the same global place of articulation (e.g., labial-labial, map; coronal-coronal, not), approximately 50% of children’s actual productions matched consonant place characteristics. Conversely, when the target word consisted of variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap), only about 20% of the productions matched the target consonant sequences. These results suggest that children’s actual productions are influenced by their own production abilities as well as by the phonetic forms of target words.

Download Full-text

Why Words Are Hard for Adults With Developmental Language Impairments

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0233) ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1845-1856 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Karla K. McGregor ◽

Ulla Licandro ◽

Richard Arenas ◽

Nichole Eden ◽

Derek Stiles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Language Impairment ◽

Normal Development ◽

Declarative Memory ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Language Impairments ◽

Learning Problems ◽

Word Form ◽

Word Meanings ◽

Word Forms ◽

Similarities And Differences

Purpose To determine whether word learning problems associated with developmental language impairment (LI) reflect deficits in encoding or subsequent remembering of forms and meanings. Method Sixty-nine 18- to 25-year-olds with LI or without (the normal development [ND] group) took tests to measure learning of 16 word forms and meanings immediately after training (encoding) and 12 hr, 24 hr, and 1 week later (remembering). Half of the participants trained in the morning, and half trained in the evening. Results At immediate posttest, participants with LI performed more poorly on form and meaning than those with ND. Poor performance was more likely among those with more severe LI. The LI–ND gap for word form recall widened over 1 week. In contrast, the LI and ND groups demonstrated no difference in remembering word meanings over the week. In both groups, participants who trained in the evening, and therefore slept shortly after training, demonstrated greater gains in meaning recall than those who trained in the morning. Conclusions Some adults with LI have encoding deficits that limit the addition of word forms and meanings to the lexicon. Similarities and differences in patterns of remembering in the LI and ND groups motivate the hypothesis that consolidation of declarative memory is a strength for adults with LI.

Download Full-text