Individual differences in cognitive control unveiled by components of the ERP

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eve Miller ◽  
Jason M. Watson ◽  
David L. Strayer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control

scholarly journals Right Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Individual Differences in Conflict-driven Cognitive Control

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3903-3913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Egner
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Traditional Group ◽  
Behavioral Expression

Conflict adaptation—a conflict-triggered improvement in the resolution of conflicting stimulus or response representations—has become a widely used probe of cognitive control processes in both healthy and clinical populations. Previous fMRI studies have localized activation foci associated with conflict resolution to dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC). The traditional group analysis approach employed in these studies highlights regions that are, on average, activated during conflict resolution, but does not necessarily reveal areas mediating individual differences in conflict resolution, because between-subject variance is treated as noise. Here, we employed a complementary approach to elucidate the neural bases of variability in the proficiency of conflict-driven cognitive control. We analyzed two independent fMRI data sets of face–word Stroop tasks by using individual variability in the behavioral expression of conflict adaptation as the metric against which brain activation was regressed while controlling for individual differences in mean RT and Stroop interference. Across the two experiments, a replicable neural substrate of individual variation in conflict adaptation was found in ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC), specifically, in the right inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis (BA 47). Unbiased regression estimates showed that variability in activity in this region accounted for ∼40% of the variance in behavioral expression of conflict adaptation across subjects, thus documenting a heretofore unsuspected key role for vlPFC in mediating conflict-driven adjustments in cognitive control. We speculate that vlPFC plays a primary role in conflict control that is supplemented by dlPFC recruitment under conditions of suboptimal performance.

scholarly journals Cognitive control over memory – individual differences in memory performance for emotional and neutral material

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wierzba ◽  
M. Riegel ◽  
M. Wypych ◽  
K. Jednoróg ◽  
A. Grabowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Neutral Material

Individual Differences in the Context-Dependent Recruitment of Cognitive Control: Evidence From Action Versus State Orientation

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rico Fischer ◽  
Franziska Plessow ◽  
Gesine Dreisbach ◽  
Thomas Goschke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
State Orientation ◽  
Context Dependent

scholarly journals Individual differences in the bilingual brain: The role of language background and DRD2 genotype in verbal and non-verbal cognitive control

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 112-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Vaughn ◽  
Aurora I. Ramos Nuñez ◽  
Maya R. Greene ◽  
Brandin A. Munson ◽  
Elena L. Grigorenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Background

Individual Differences in the Neural Dynamics of Response Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1976-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fiona Molloy ◽  
Giwon Bahg ◽  
Zhong-Lin Lu ◽  
Brandon M. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Bayesian Models ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aggregate Information

Response inhibition is a widely studied aspect of cognitive control that is particularly interesting because of its applications to clinical populations. Although individual differences are integral to cognitive control, so too is our ability to aggregate information across a group of individuals, so that we can powerfully generalize and characterize the group's behavior. Hence, an examination of response inhibition would ideally involve an accurate estimation of both group- and individual-level effects. Hierarchical Bayesian analyses account for individual differences by simultaneously estimating group and individual factors and compensate for sparse data by pooling information across participants. Hierarchical Bayesian models are thus an ideal tool for studying response inhibition, especially when analyzing neural data. We construct hierarchical Bayesian models of the fMRI neural time series, models assuming hierarchies across conditions, participants, and ROIs. Here, we demonstrate the advantages of our models over a conventional generalized linear model in accurately separating signal from noise. We then apply our models to go/no-go and stop signal data from 11 participants. We find strong evidence for individual differences in neural responses to going, not going, and stopping and in functional connectivity across the two tasks and demonstrate how hierarchical Bayesian models can effectively compensate for these individual differences while providing group-level summarizations. Finally, we validated the reliability of our findings using a larger go/no-go data set consisting of 179 participants. In conclusion, hierarchical Bayesian models not only account for individual differences but allow us to better understand the cognitive dynamics of response inhibition.

The Case of the Cognitive (Opti)miser: Electrophysiological Correlates of Working Memory Maintenance Predict Demand Avoidance

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1550-1561
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Nador ◽  
Assaf Harel ◽  
Ion Juvina ◽  
Brandon Minnery
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Match To Sample ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Filtering Efficiency ◽  
Task Irrelevant

People are often considered cognitive misers. When given a free choice between two tasks, people tend to choose tasks requiring less cognitive effort. Such demand avoidance (DA) is associated with cognitive control, but it is still not clear to what extent individual differences in cognitive control can account for variations in DA. We sought to elucidate the relation between cognitive control and cognitive effort preferences by investigating the extent to which sustained neural activity in a task requiring cognitive control is correlated with DA. We hypothesized that neural measures of efficient filtering will predict individual variations in demand preferences. To test this hypothesis, we had participants perform a delayed-match-to-sample paradigm with their ERPs recorded, as well as a separate behavioral demand-selection task. We focused on the ERP correlates of cognitive filtering efficiency (CFE)—the ability to ignore task-irrelevant distractors during working memory maintenance—as it manifests in a modulation of the contralateral delay activity, an ERP correlate of cognitive control. As predicted, we found a significant positive correlation between CFE and DA. Individuals with high CFE tended to be significantly more demand avoidant than their low-CFE counterparts. Low-CFE individuals, in comparison, did not form distinct cognitive effort preferences. Overall, our results suggest that cognitive control over the contents of visual working memory contribute to individual differences in the expression of cognitive effort preferences. This further implies that these observed preferences are the product of sensitivity to cognitive task demands.

EXPRESS: Working Memory Capacity and Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control: An Experimental-Correlational Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110664
Author(s):  
Kevin Rosales ◽  
Jean-Paul Snijder ◽  
Andrew Conway ◽  
Corentin Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
And Performance

Working memory is thought to be strongly related to cognitive control. Recent studies have sought to understand this relationship under the prism of the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) framework, in which cognitive control is thought to operate in two distinct modes: proactive and reactive. Several authors have concluded that a high working memory capacity is associated with a tendency to engage the more effective mechanism of proactive control. However, the predicted pattern of proactive control use has never been observed; correlational evidence is made difficult to interpret by the overall superiority of participants with a high working memory capacity: they tend to perform better even when proactive control should be detrimental. In two experiments, we used an experimental-correlational approach to experimentally induce the use of reactive or proactive control in the AX-CPT. The relation between working memory capacity and performance was unaffected, incompatible with the hypothesis that the better performance of participants with a high working memory capacity in the task is due to their use of proactive control. It remains unclear how individual differences in working memory capacity relate to cognitive control under the DMC framework.

The Role of Processing Speed and Cognitive Control on Word Retrieval in Aging and Aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah ◽  
Megan Gehman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Control Word ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Language Deficit

Purpose When speakers retrieve words, they do so extremely quickly and accurately—both speed and accuracy of word retrieval are compromised in persons with aphasia (PWA). This study examined the contribution of two domain-general mechanisms: processing speed and cognitive control on word retrieval in PWA. Method Three groups of participants, neurologically healthy young and older adults and PWA ( n = 15 in each group), performed processing speed, cognitive control, lexical decision, and word retrieval tasks on a computer. The relationship between word retrieval speed and other tasks was examined for each group. Results Both aging and aphasia resulted in slower processing speed but did not affect cognitive control. Word retrieval response time delays in PWA were eliminated when processing speed was accounted for. Word retrieval speed was predicted by individual differences in cognitive control in young and older adults and additionally by processing speed in older adults. In PWA, word retrieval speed was predicted by severity of language deficit and cognitive control. Conclusions This study shows that processing speed is compromised in aphasia and could account for their slowed response times. Individual differences in cognitive control predicted word retrieval speed in healthy adults and PWA. These findings highlight the need to include nonlinguistic cognitive mechanisms in future models of word retrieval in healthy adults and word retrieval deficits in aphasia.

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