Individual differences in fluid reasoning on a complex recent probes task

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Freedman ◽  
Michael D. McManaman ◽  
Nezar Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fluid Reasoning

Individual Differences in Reward‐Based Learning Predict Fluid Reasoning Abilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Stocco ◽  
Chantel S. Prat ◽  
Lauren K. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Fluid Reasoning

scholarly journals Making Cognitive Latent Variables Manifest: Distinct Neural Networks for Fluid Reasoning and Processing Speed

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Habeck ◽  
Jason Steffener ◽  
Daniel Barulli ◽  
Yunglin Gazes ◽  
Qolamreza Razlighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Fluid Reasoning

Cognitive psychologists posit several specific cognitive abilities that are measured with sets of cognitive tasks. Tasks that purportedly tap a specific underlying cognitive ability are strongly correlated with one another, whereas performances on tasks that tap different cognitive abilities are less strongly correlated. For these reasons, latent variables are often considered optimal for describing individual differences in cognitive abilities. Although latent variables cannot be directly observed, all cognitive tasks representing a specific latent ability should have a common neural underpinning. Here, we show that cognitive tasks representing one ability (i.e., either perceptual speed or fluid reasoning) had a neural activation pattern distinct from that of tasks in the other ability. One hundred six participants between the ages of 20 and 77 years were imaged in an fMRI scanner while performing six cognitive tasks, three representing each cognitive ability. Consistent with prior research, behavioral performance on these six tasks clustered into the two abilities based on their patterns of individual differences and tasks postulated to represent one ability showed higher similarity across individuals than tasks postulated to represent a different ability. This finding was extended in the current report to the spatial resemblance of the task-related activation patterns: The topographic similarity of the mean activation maps for tasks postulated to reflect the same reference ability was higher than for tasks postulated to reflect a different reference ability. Furthermore, for any task pairing, behavioral and topographic similarities of underlying activation patterns are strongly linked. These findings suggest that differences in the strengths of correlations between various cognitive tasks may be because of the degree of overlap in the neural structures that are active when the tasks are being performed. Thus, the latent variable postulated to account for correlations at a behavioral level may reflect topographic similarities in the neural activation across different brain regions.

Cortical Thickness in Inferior Parietal Cortex is Associated with Individual Differences in Fluid Reasoning Ability

NeuroImage ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. S110
Author(s):  
E.D. O'Hare ◽  
K.J. Whitaker ◽  
Z.A. Op de Macks ◽  
B.D. Johnson ◽  
E. Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Inferior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Fluid Reasoning

scholarly journals Inter- and intra-individual differences in fluid reasoning show distinct cortical responses

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier Kievit ◽  
H. Steven Scholte ◽  
Lourens J. Waldorp ◽  
Denny Borsboom
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Fluid Reasoning ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
Higher Visual Areas ◽  
Increased Activity

Fluid intelligence is a general cognitive ability associated with problem solving in the absence of task-specific knowledge. Neuroscientific studies of fluid intelligence have studied both fluid intelligence tasks of varying difficulty and individual differences in fluid intelligence ability, but have failed to appropriately distinguish the two dimensions. Here we use task-based fMRI (N=34) to show that within and between subject dimensions show both partial overlap and widespread differences. Individuals with higher ability showed widespread increased activity including bilateral frontoparietal systems, whereas more difficult items were associated with more focal activity increases in middle frontal gyri, frontal poles and superior frontal poles. Finally, we show that when difficulty is equated across individuals, those with higher ability tend to show more fronto-parietal activity, whereas low fluid intelligence individuals tend to show greater activity in higher visual areas. The fMRI and behavioural data for our paper are freely available in online repositories.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Resting-state Brain Rhythms Uniquely Predict Second Language Learning Rate and Willingness to Communicate in Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantel S. Prat ◽  
Brianna L. Yamasaki ◽  
Erica R. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Resting State ◽  
First Language ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Fluid Reasoning ◽  
L2 Learning ◽  
First Language Proficiency ◽  
Lh Rh

The current study used quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to characterize individual differences in neural rhythms at rest and to relate them to fluid reasoning ability, to first language proficiency, and to subsequent second language (L2) learning ability, with the goal of obtaining a better understanding of the neurocognitive bases of L2 aptitude. Mean spectral power, laterality, and coherence metrics were extracted across theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands obtained from eyes-closed resting-state qEEG data from 41 adults aged 18–34 years. Participants then completed 8 weeks of French training using a virtual language and cultural immersion software. Results replicate and extend previous studies showing that faster learners have higher beta power recorded over right hemisphere (RH) electrode sites, greater laterality (RH − LH/RH + LH) of alpha and beta bands, and greater coherence between RH frontotemporal sites across all frequencies, although only coherence measures survived multiple comparisons. Increased coherence within and between RH networks was also associated with greater posttest declarative memory scores and with more accurate speech during learning. Total speech attempts, in contrast, correlated with bilaterally distributed small-world network configurations, as indexed by lower power and coherence over high-frequency (beta and gamma) bands recorded over frontotemporal networks in both hemispheres. Results from partial correlations and regression analyses suggest that the neural predictors of L2 learning rate, posttest proficiency, and total speech attempts varied in their degree of overlap with qEEG correlates of first language proficiency and fluid reasoning abilities, but that neural predictors alone explained 26–60% of the variance in L2 outcomes.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

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