"A" Random Letter Test Predicts Effort in the Disability Exam

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Chafetz ◽  
Joel Abrahams
Keyword(s):  
Random Letter

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Novel Point-of-Use Quality Assurance Tool for Digital Pathology

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 1246-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Clarke ◽  
David Brettle ◽  
Alexander Sykes ◽  
Alexander Wright ◽  
Anna Boden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Digital Pathology ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Digital Microscopy ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Diagnostic Setting ◽  
Rgb Values

Context.— Flexible working at diverse or remote sites is a major advantage when reporting using digital pathology, but currently there is no method to validate the clinical diagnostic setting within digital microscopy. Objective.— To develop a preliminary Point-of-Use Quality Assurance (POUQA) tool designed specifically to validate the diagnostic setting for digital microscopy. Design.— We based the POUQA tool on the red, green, and blue (RGB) values of hematoxylin-eosin. The tool used 144 hematoxylin-eosin–colored, 5×5-cm patches with a superimposed random letter with subtly lighter RGB values from the background color, with differing levels of difficulty. We performed an initial evaluation across 3 phases within 2 pathology departments: 1 in the United Kingdom and 1 in Sweden. Results.— In total, 53 experiments were conducted across all phases resulting in 7632 test images viewed in all. Results indicated that the display, the user's visual system, and the environment each independently impacted performance. Performance was improved with reduction in natural light and through use of medical-grade displays. Conclusions.— The use of a POUQA tool for digital microscopy is essential to afford flexible working while ensuring patient safety. The color-contrast test provides a standardized method of comparing diagnostic settings for digital microscopy. With further planned development, the color-contrast test may be used to create a “Verified Login” for diagnostic setting validation.

scholarly journals Can People Judge the Veracity of Their Intuitions?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Leach ◽  
Mario Weick
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
Decision Outcomes

People differ in the belief that their intuitions produce good decision outcomes. In the present research, we sought to test the validity of these beliefs by comparing individuals’ self-reports with measures of actual intuition performance in a standard implicit learning task, exposing participants to seemingly random letter strings (Studies 1a–b) and social media profile pictures (Study 2) that conformed to an underlying rule or grammar. A meta-analysis synthesizing the present data ( N = 400) and secondary data by Pretz, Totz, and Kaufman found that people’s enduring beliefs in their intuitions were not reflective of actual performance in the implicit learning task. Meanwhile, task-specific confidence in intuition bore no sizable relation with implicit learning performance, but the observed data favoured neither the null hypothesis nor the alternative hypothesis. Together, the present findings suggest that people’s ability to judge the veracity of their intuitions may be limited.

Visual Span of Apprehension in Patients with Unilateral Cerebral Lesions

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Warrington ◽  
P. Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Span ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
The Right

The visual span of apprehension for random letter and digit sequences, approximations to English sequences and non-symbolic line stimuli was measured in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions. The left hemisphere group was significantly impaired relative to the right hemisphere group and a control group on all three types of visual span task. The deficit was most marked in patients with left posterior lesions. The visual span deficits were not related to other language deficits. The findings are discussed in terms of a modality-specific defect of visual short-term memory.

Counts of long aligned word matches among random letter sequences

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Karlin ◽  
Friedemann Ost
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Maximal Length ◽  
Finite Alphabet ◽  
Maximal Eigenvalue ◽  
Schur Product ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Random Letter

Asymptotic distributional properties of the maximal length aligned word (a contiguous set of letters) among multiple random Markov dependent sequences composed of letters from a finite alphabet are given. For sequences of length N, Cr,s(N) defined as the longest common aligned word found in r or more of s sequences has order growth log N/(–logλ) where λis the maximal eigenvalue of r-Schur product matrices from among the collections of Markov matrices that generate the sequences. The count Z∗r,s(N, k) of positions that initiate an aligned match of length exceeding k = log N/(–logλ) + x but fail to match at the immediately preceding position has a limiting Poisson distribution. Distributional properties of other long aligned word relationships and patterns are also discussed.

Finnish Kindergartners' Literacy Development in Contextualized Literacy Episodes: A Focus on Spelling

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta-Liisa Korkeamäki ◽  
Mariam Jean Dreher
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Invented Spelling ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
Children's Writing ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Meaningful Literacy

This study focused on children's spelling development in a Finnish kindergarten. We examined how and when spelling begins when children are provided guided and meaningful literacy opportunities. Field notes, children's writing samples, and four dictations, as well as pre- and postinstruction assessment of literacy-related tasks were analyzed to describe children's progress and strategies. At the start of the study, some children did not know any letters, while others who knew some letters did not necessarily use them in the first dictation, drawing instead. Classroom activities offered children opportunities to increase letter knowledge and demonstrated how to apply that knowledge. The assessment at the end of the study in Phase 1 demonstrated a substantial growth in children's spelling: some children spelled almost all the dictated words correctly, most of the children used invented spelling, and only one child used random letter strings for a few words. In addition, children's reading developedso that several children were alphabetic-phase readers. In Phase 2, all the children used alphabetic strategies.

Arousal and Cognition: Word Arousal and Visual Search

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-702
Author(s):  
Frank H. Farley ◽  
Shu-Jen Yen
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Target Word ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
List Learning

The influence of target-word affective properties on information processing time in a high speed visual-search task was studied. The 24 words were embedded in random-letter matrices, with one word per matrix. Subjects (5 male, 5 female) were tested. Words extreme on emotionality (positive vs negative affect) yielded significantly longer latencies than neutral words. The results were discussed in the light of related list-learning and problem-solving research.

Increases in Alpha Oscillatory Power Reflect an Active Retinotopic Mechanism for Distracter Suppression During Sustained Visuospatial Attention

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3844-3851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon P. Kelly ◽  
Edmund C. Lalor ◽  
Richard B. Reilly ◽  
John J. Foxe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Letter Sequence ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Visual Spatial Attention ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Random Letter ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Suppression Mechanism ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
S Period

Human electrophysiological (EEG) studies have demonstrated the involvement of alpha band (8- to 14-Hz) oscillations in the anticipatory biasing of attention. In the context of visual spatial attention within bilateral stimulus arrays, alpha has exhibited greater amplitude over parietooccipital cortex contralateral to the hemifield required to be ignored, relative to that measured when the same hemifield is to be attended. Whether this differential effect arises solely from alpha desynchronization (decreases) over the “attending” hemisphere, from synchronization (increases) over the “ignoring” hemisphere, or both, has not been fully resolved. This is because of the confounding effect of externally evoked desynchronization that occurs involuntarily in response to visual cues. Here, bilateral flickering stimuli were presented simultaneously and continuously over entire trial blocks, such that externally evoked alpha desynchronization is equated in precue baseline and postcue intervals. Equivalent random letter sequences were superimposed on the left and right flicker stimuli. Subjects were required to count the presentations of the target letter “X” at the cued hemifield over an 8-s period and ignore the sequence in the opposite hemifield. The data showed significant increases in alpha power over the ignoring hemisphere relative to the precue baseline, observable for both cue directions. A strong attentional bias necessitated by the subjective difficulty in gating the distracting letter sequence is reflected in a large effect size of 2.1 (η2 = 0.82), measured from the attention × hemisphere interaction. This strongly suggests that alpha synchronization reflects an active attentional suppression mechanism, rather than a passive one reflecting “idling” circuits.

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