Short-Term Memory for Auditory Scenes is Not Lost Over Time

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa K. Gregg ◽  
Joel S. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Scenes ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Dopamine affects short-term memory corruption over time in Parkinson’s disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean James Fallon ◽  
Matthew Gowell ◽  
Maria Raquel Maio ◽  
Masud Husain
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Over Time

(Eye) tracking short-term memory over time

Aphasiology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 536-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Papagno ◽  
E. Bricolo ◽  
D. Mussi ◽  
R. Daini ◽  
C. Cecchetto
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3980
Author(s):  
Choongsung Yoo ◽  
Dante Xing ◽  
Drew Gonzalez ◽  
Victoria Jenkins ◽  
Kay Nottingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the effects of acute paraxanthine (PXN) ingestion on markers of cognition, executive function, and psychomotor vigilance. In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 13 healthy male and female participants were randomly assigned to consume a placebo (PLA) or 200 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.). Participants completed stimulant sensitivity and side effect questionnaires and then performed the Berg Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), the Go/No-Go test (GNG), the Sternberg task test (STT), and the psychomotor vigilance task test (PVTT). Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatment. Participants completed side effect and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingestion of the supplement. After 7 days, participants repeated the experiment while consuming the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using body mass as a covariate, and by assessing mean and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) expressed as means (LL, UL). PXN decreased BCST errors (PXN −4.7 [−0.2, −9.20], p = 0.04; PXN −17.5% [−36.1, 1.0], p = 0.06) and perseverative errors (PXN −2.2 [−4.2, −0.2], p = 0.03; PXN −32.8% [−64.4, 1.2], p = 0.04) at hour 6. GNG analysis revealed some evidence that PXN ingestion better maintained mean accuracy over time and Condition R Round 2 response time (e.g., PXN −25.1 [−52.2, 1.9] ms, p = 0.07 faster than PLA at 1 h), suggesting better sustained attention. PXN ingestion improved STT two-letter length absent and present reaction times over time as well as improving six-letter length absent reaction time after 2 h (PXN −86.5 ms [−165, −7.2], p = 0.03; PXN −9.0% [−18.1, 0.2], p = 0.05), suggesting that PXN enhanced the ability to store and retrieve random information of increasing complexity from short-term memory. A moderate treatment x time effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was observed in PVTT, where PXN sustained vigilance during Trial 2 after 2 h (PXN 840 ms [103, 1576], p = 0.03) and 4 h (PXN 1466 ms [579, 2353], p = 0.002) compared to PL. As testing progressed, the response time improved during the 20 trials and over the course of the 6 h experiment in the PXN treatment, whereas it significantly increased in the PL group. The results suggest that acute PXN ingestion (200 mg) may affect some measures of short-term memory, reasoning, and response time to cognitive challenges and help sustain attention.

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of implicit memory underlying serial dependence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Moraes Bilacchi ◽  
Esaú Ventura Pupo Sirius ◽  
André M. Cravo ◽  
Raymundo Machado de Azevedo Neto
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Mechanism ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSerial dependence is the effect in which the immediately preceding trial influences participants’ responses to the current stimulus. But for how long does this bias last in the absence of interference from other stimuli? Here, we had 20 healthy young adult participants (12 women) perform a coincident timing task using different inter-trial intervals to characterize the serial dependence effect as the time between trials increases. Our results show that serial dependence abruptly decreases after 1 s inter-trial interval, but it remains pronounced after that for up to 8 s. In addition, participants’ response variability slightly decreases over longer intervals. We discuss these results in light of recent models suggesting that serial dependence might rely on a short-term memory trace kept through changes in synaptic weights, which might explain its long duration and apparent stability over time.Statement of RelevanceRecent perceptual and motor experiences bias human behavior. For this serial bias to take place, the brain must keep information for at least the time between events to blend past and current information. Understanding the temporal dynamics of such memory traces might shed light into the short-term memory mechanism and integration of prior and current information. Here, we characterized the temporal dynamics of the serial biases that emerge in a visuomotor task by varying the length of the interval between successive events. Our results show response biases are still present even after intervals as long as 8 s and that participants’ response variability decreases over time. Serial dependence thus seems to rely on a memory mechanism that is both long lasting in the absence of interference and stable.

scholarly journals Persistent activity in a recurrent circuit underlies courtship memory in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Zhao ◽  
Daniela Lenek ◽  
Ugur Dag ◽  
Barry J Dickson ◽  
Krystyna Keleman
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

Recurrent connections are thought to be a common feature of the neural circuits that encode memories, but how memories are laid down in such circuits is not fully understood. Here we present evidence that courtship memory in Drosophila relies on the recurrent circuit between mushroom body gamma (MBγ), M6 output, and aSP13 dopaminergic neurons. We demonstrate persistent neuronal activity of aSP13 neurons and show that it transiently potentiates synaptic transmission from MBγ>M6 neurons. M6 neurons in turn provide input to aSP13 neurons, prolonging potentiation of MBγ>M6 synapses over time periods that match short-term memory. These data support a model in which persistent aSP13 activity within a recurrent circuit lays the foundation for a short-term memory.

scholarly journals A Deep Learning Integrated Lee–Carter Model

Risks ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Nigri ◽  
Susanna Levantesi ◽  
Mario Marino ◽  
Salvatore Scognamiglio ◽  
Francesca Perla
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Carter Model ◽  
Over Time

In the field of mortality, the Lee–Carter based approach can be considered the milestone to forecast mortality rates among stochastic models. We could define a “Lee–Carter model family” that embraces all developments of this model, including its first formulation (1992) that remains the benchmark for comparing the performance of future models. In the Lee–Carter model, the κ t parameter, describing the mortality trend over time, plays an important role about the future mortality behavior. The traditional ARIMA process usually used to model κ t shows evident limitations to describe the future mortality shape. Concerning forecasting phase, academics should approach a more plausible way in order to think a nonlinear shape of the projected mortality rates. Therefore, we propose an alternative approach the ARIMA processes based on a deep learning technique. More precisely, in order to catch the pattern of κ t series over time more accurately, we apply a Recurrent Neural Network with a Long Short-Term Memory architecture and integrate the Lee–Carter model to improve its predictive capacity. The proposed approach provides significant performance in terms of predictive accuracy and also allow for avoiding the time-chunks’ a priori selection. Indeed, it is a common practice among academics to delete the time in which the noise is overflowing or the data quality is insufficient. The strength of the Long Short-Term Memory network lies in its ability to treat this noise and adequately reproduce it into the forecasted trend, due to its own architecture enabling to take into account significant long-term patterns.

scholarly journals Reward learning over weeks versus minutes increases the neural representation of value in the human brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Elliott Wimmer ◽  
Jamie K. Li ◽  
Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Feedback Learning ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOver the past few decades, neuroscience research has illuminated the neural mechanisms supporting learning from reward feedback. Learning paradigms are increasingly being extended to study mood and psychiatric disorders as well as addiction. However, one potentially critical characteristic that this research ignores is the effect of time on learning: human feedback learning paradigms are usually conducted in a single rapidly paced session, while learning experiences in ecologically relevant circumstances and in animal research are almost always separated by longer periods of time. In our experiments, we examined reward learning in short condensed sessions distributed across weeks vs. learning completed in a single “massed” session in male and female participants. As expected, we found that after equal amounts of training, accuracy was matched between the spaced and massed conditions. However, in a 3-week follow-up, we found that participants exhibited significantly greater memory for the value of spaced-trained stimuli. Supporting a role for short-term memory in massed learning, we found a significant positive correlation between initial learning and working memory capacity. Neurally, we found that patterns of activity in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex showed stronger discrimination of spaced-vs. massed-trained reward values. Further, patterns in the striatum discriminated between spaced-and massed-trained stimuli overall. Our results indicate that single-session learning tasks engage partially distinct learning mechanisms from spaced sessions of training. Our studies begin to address a large gap in our knowledge of human learning from reinforcement, with potential implications for our understanding of mood disorders and addiction.Significance statementHumans and animals learn to associate predictive value with stimuli and actions, and these values then guide future behavior. Such reinforcement-based learning often happens over long time periods, in contrast to most studies of reward-based learning in humans. In experiments that tested the effect of spacing on learning, we found that associations learned in a single massed session were correlated with short-term memory and significantly decayed over time, while associations learned in short massed sessions over weeks were well-maintained. Additionally, patterns of activity in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex discriminated the values of stimuli learned over weeks but not minutes. These results highlight the importance of studying learning over time, with potential applications to drug addiction and psychiatry.

Acquisition of Pig Latin: a case study

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Basic Language ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTA boy's acquisition of Pig Latin was monitored throughout the year preceding first grade. Abilities underlying this game include the identification of words, deletion of the first syllabic onset (i.e. prevocalic consonants) of each word, blending of this onset and the suffix [e1] onto the word's end, and short-term memory for speech units. Performance improved over time as the underlying abilities developed. Meanwhile, various informative errors were made. Throughout most of the study, onsets that were correctly removed from a word's beginning were often added to its end incorrectly; unstressed function words were repeated intact and not transformed; and the first syllabic onset was overlooked when the syllable was unstressed. Because speech games like this one depend upon basic language skills, they can clarify aspects of ordinary language development.

Acoustic and Associative Coding in Short-Term Memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Lindley ◽  
Donald R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Associative Relatedness ◽  
Memory Probe ◽  
Student Subjects ◽  
Dimension One ◽  
Over Time

Short lists of word-digit pairs were presented to 456 college student subjects. One of the words was repeated as a memory probe either immediately after list presentation or after a short rehearsal interval. The stimulus words were either acoustically identical or associatively related (UP, DOWN). Both acoustic identity and associative relatedness produced a memory decrement which decreased with rehearsal. One interpretation of these results is that the primary memory trace is a multiple-dimension one and that, given time, subjects can recover non-acoustic information from it. The data also indicate that the “fate” over time is different for acoustically similar and associatively related items.

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