scholarly journals Drug research methodology: Volume 5. Experimentation in drugs and highway safety: The study of drug effects on skills related to driving

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent B. Joscelyn ◽  
Alan C. Donelson
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Highway Safety

Deep learning for drug–drug interaction extraction from the literature: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1609-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianlin Zhang ◽  
Jiaxu Leng ◽  
Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Feature Representations ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Interaction Extraction

AbstractDrug–drug interactions (DDIs) are crucial for drug research and pharmacovigilance. These interactions may cause adverse drug effects that threaten public health and patient safety. Therefore, the DDIs extraction from biomedical literature has been widely studied and emphasized in modern biomedical research. The previous rules-based and machine learning approaches rely on tedious feature engineering, which is labourious, time-consuming and unsatisfactory. With the development of deep learning technologies, this problem is alleviated by learning feature representations automatically. Here, we review the recent deep learning methods that have been applied to the extraction of DDIs from biomedical literature. We describe each method briefly and compare its performance in the DDI corpus systematically. Next, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of these deep learning models for this task. Furthermore, we discuss some challenges and future perspectives of DDI extraction via deep learning methods. This review aims to serve as a useful guide for interested researchers to further advance bioinformatics algorithms for DDIs extraction from the literature.

scholarly journals NMR-Based Metabolomics in Metal-Based Drug Research

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica De Castro ◽  
Michele Benedetti ◽  
Laura Del Coco ◽  
Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Tumor Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Platinum Complexes ◽  
Ruthenium Compounds ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

Thanks to recent advances in analytical technologies and statistical capabilities, the application field of metabolomics has increased significantly. Currently, this approach is used to investigate biological substrates looking for metabolic profile alterations, diseases markers, and drug effects. In particular, NMR spectroscopy has shown great potential as a detection technique, mainly for the ability to detect multiple (10s to 100s) metabolites at once without separation. Only in recent years has the NMR-based metabolomic approach been extended to investigate the cell metabolic alterations induced by metal-based antitumor drug administration. As expected, these studies are mainly focused on platinum complexes, but some palladium and ruthenium compounds are also under investigation. The use of a metabolomics approach was very effective in assessing tumor response to drugs and providing insights into the mechanism of action and resistance. Therefore, metabolomics may open new perspectives into the development of metal-based drugs. In particular, it has been shown that NMR-based, in vitro metabolomics is a powerful tool for detecting variations of the cell metabolites induced by the metal drug exposure, thus offering also the possibility of identifying specific markers for in vivo monitoring of tumor responsiveness to anticancer treatments.

scholarly journals Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, 3D cardiac structures, and heart-on-a-chip as tools for drug research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalina Andrysiak ◽  
Jacek Stępniewski ◽  
Józef Dulak
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Cardiac Cell ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

AbstractDevelopment of new drugs is of high interest for the field of cardiac and cardiovascular diseases, which are a dominant cause of death worldwide. Before being allowed to be used and distributed, every new potentially therapeutic compound must be strictly validated during preclinical and clinical trials. The preclinical studies usually involve the in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Due to the increasing reporting of discrepancy in drug effects in animal and humans and the requirement to reduce the number of animals used in research, improvement of in vitro models based on human cells is indispensable. Primary cardiac cells are difficult to access and maintain in cell culture for extensive experiments; therefore, the human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) became an excellent alternative. This technology enables a production of high number of patient- and disease-specific cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types for a large-scale research. The drug effects can be extensively evaluated in the context of electrophysiological responses with a use of well-established tools, such as multielectrode array (MEA), patch clamp, or calcium ion oscillation measurements. Cardiotoxicity, which is a common reason for withdrawing drugs from marketing or rejection at final stages of clinical trials, can be easily verified with a use of hiPSC-CM model providing a prediction of human-specific responses and higher safety of clinical trials involving patient cohort. Abovementioned studies can be performed using two-dimensional cell culture providing a high-throughput and relatively lower costs. On the other hand, more complex structures, such as engineered heart tissue, organoids, or spheroids, frequently applied as co-culture systems, represent more physiological conditions and higher maturation rate of hiPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, heart-on-a-chip technology has recently become an increasingly popular tool, as it implements controllable culture conditions, application of various stimulations and continuous parameters read-out. This paper is an overview of possible use of cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types derived from hiPSC as in vitro models of heart in drug research area prepared on the basis of latest scientific reports and providing thorough discussion regarding their advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 205032451668332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Hartogsohn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Psychedelic Research

Set and setting is a term which refers to the psychological, social, and cultural parameters which shape the response to psychedelic drugs. The concept is considered fundamental to psychedelic research and has also been used to describe nonpharmacological factors which shape the effects of other agents such as alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, or cocaine. This paper reviews the history and evolution of the concept of set and setting from the 19th-century Parisian Club des Hashischins, through to 1950s psychotomimetic research on nondrug determinants of psychopharmacology, the use of extra-drug techniques by psychedelic therapists of the 1950s, and the invention of the concept of set and setting by Leary. Later developments and expansions on the concept of set and setting are discussed, and the term of collective set and setting is suggested as a theoretical tool to describe the social forces which shape individual set and setting situations. The concept of set and setting, it is argued, is crucial not only for psychedelic research but also for advancing drug research and developing more effective drug policy.

Drug research today

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl. 23) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Sprengers
Keyword(s):  
Drug Research
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