Primary Alcohol Admissions Aged 21 or Older: Alcohol Only vs. Alcohol Plus a Secondary Drug: 2003

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Alcohol

Alcohol and Primary Prevention in Scotland and Sweden

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Håkan Leifman
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Alcohol Prevention ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Private Profit ◽  
Temperance Movements ◽  
Restrictive Legislation

This study compares primary alcohol prevention in Scotland and Sweden and the effectiveness of preventive actions with special reference to developments from the mid- or late 1970s when alcohol consumption peaked in both countries and when changes were made in their alcohol policies. A short historical overview shows many similarities between the countries, e.g. strong prohibition-oriented temperance movements, a history of alcohol (spirits) abuse and restrictive legislation. A major difference is the much more dominating role of private profit motives in Scottish alcohol trade. During the last 15-20 years, the two countries have chosen different strategies to prevent alcohol-related problems. Sweden has put heavy emphasis on restricting the availability of alcohol but also invested substantially in information, whereas Scotland has concentrated on the latter. A comparison of the trends during the last 15-20 years suggests that whereas Swedish alcohol control reduced the level of alcohol consumption and related problems in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Scottish did not, even though the upward trend was broken for most indicators. The drinking sensible message has not been powerful enough to reduce the number of non-sensible drinkers. In fact, a continuing upward trend of liver cirrhosis deaths in Scotland, especially for women, may suggest the opposite. The study also shows that, despite rather stable overall consumption for the last 10 years, the specific alcohol-related problem of drinking and driving has been decreasing in both countries. This indicates that even if consumption increases in the future, as is likely in Sweden due to current changes in alcohol control policy, drinking in specific contexts may still be preventable.

Chirality Transfer from a Chiral Primary Alcohol Equivalent Through Allyl Cyanate-to-Isocyanate Rearrangement: Synthesis of (+)-Geranyllinaloisocyanide

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (15) ◽  
pp. 2959-2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyasu Ichikawa ◽  
Hirofumi Morimoto ◽  
Toshiya Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
Marine Natural Product ◽  
Chirality Transfer ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Stereogenic Centers ◽  
Quaternary Stereogenic Centers

A new approach was developed to construct quaternary stereogenic centers bearing nitrogen substituents in an enantioselective manner. The strategy takes advantage of [1,3]-chirality transfer from a chiral primary alcohol equivalent through an allyl cyanate-to-isocyanate rearrangement. This approach was employed in an efficient eight-step synthesis of the marine natural product, (+)-geranyllinaloisocyanide, in 43% overall yield.

scholarly journals UTILIZATION OF WATER YAM (Dioscorea alata) AS A SOURCE OF ETHANOL

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Hashimi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Fermentable Sugar ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Indigenous Production ◽  
Job Opportunity ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Water Yam

Ethanol (C2H5OH) is a primary alcohol which can be produced by fermentation, using any of the sources of carbohydrates such as sugarcane, cassava, grains and yam tubers among others. Production of ethanol fermented from renewable sources for fuel and fuel additives are known as bioethanol. Since the need of bioethanol is increasing, the production of bioethanol must be increased using cheaper and eco friendly raw materials. This study was conducted, using cheaper and eco friendly raw materials; water yam (Dioscorea alata) as alternative sources for ethanol production. The starch that was produced from water yam was hydrolysed into fermentable sugar, using acid hydrolysis. The fermentable sugar was converted into ethanol by fermentation process at pH 4.5 using fermenting brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces calsbergensis). Starch, glucose and ethanol which were obtained were analysed for physicochemical properties. Findings revealed that the starch sample obtained gave a blue-black colouration on addition of few drops of iodine solution. This confirmed that the carbohydrate content was mainly starch. On calculation of viability, findings further showed that water yam is a good raw material for production of ethanol, therefore indigenous production of ethanol obtained from water yam is economically viable and recommended. This will save the country from lot of money spends annually on the importation of ethanol and it can also provide job opportunity for many wandering and unemployed Nigerians.

scholarly journals Trifluoroacetylation of Alcohols During NMR Study of Compounds with Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, Oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane Skeleton

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-177
Author(s):  
Constantin I. Tanase ◽  
Anamaria Hanganu ◽  
Constantin Draghici
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Cyclopropane Ring ◽  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
Group A ◽  
Graphical Presentation ◽  
Nmr Signals

TFA was added to a solution of a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane azide-alcohol in CDCl3 to correctly characterize the compound, but during 24 h gave the trifluoro acetylated compound in quantitative yield. NMR spectra of the esterified compound helped us also to correctly attribute the NMR signals to the protons, and also confirmed the identification of the carbon atoms. The study was extended to other 14 compounds containing a primary alcohol group alone or with an ethylene ketal, a δ- or -lactone group, a primary and a secondary group, two primary and an alkene group and two primary and a secondary alcohol groups on scaffolds containing bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane constrained with a cyclopropane ring and bicyclo[3.3.0]octane fragments. The esterification of all compounds was also quantitative in 24 to 72 h; this helped us to correct attribute the NMR signals to the protons and carbon atoms of the un-esterified compounds by comparison with those of the trifluoro acetylated compounds. A graphical presentation of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of a few un-esterified and esterified compounds are presented in the paper.

Domino Primary Alcohol Oxidation-Wittig Reaction: Total Synthesis of ABT-418 and (E)-4-Oxonon-2-enoic Acid

Synthesis ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 2004 (11) ◽  
pp. 1859-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Tilve ◽  
Jyoti Shet ◽  
Vidya Desai
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Wittig Reaction ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Oxidation ◽  
Enoic Acid
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