Celebrating the continued importance of “Machiavellian Intelligence” 30 years on.

Little is known about their mating systems, but odontocetes may utilize the same types of mating systems as terrestrial mammals. Species with relatively large testes are likely to be polygynandrous, while species with smaller testes and greater sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are predicted to be polygynous. The “Machiavellian intelligence or sexual conflict” hypothesis predicts that polygynadrous species also evolved larger brains both to coerce conspecifics to mate and to resist mating attempts by undesirable mates. The “costly tissue” hypothesis predicts that species investing heavily in testes invest less in brain tissue and vice versa to conserve energy. Residual testes and brain mass measurements were used to test the sexual conflict and costly tissue hypotheses in 40 species of odontocetes. Correlations were performed on both raw data and independent contrasts to control for phylogeny. There was a significant positive correlation between residual testes mass and SSD in both data sets, and between residual testes mass and residual brain mass in the non-phylogenetically controlled data set. Results indicate a negative relationship between increased testes masses and SSD in odontocetes. There was no support for the costly tissue hypothesis. Support for Machiavellian intelligence or sexual conflict hypothesis was found only when phylogenetic effects were not considered.

Download Full-text

A tehetség eredete

Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle ◽

10.1556/0016.2021.00003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bereczkei Tamás

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Social Intelligence ◽

Fluid Intelligence ◽

Social Intelligence Hypothesis ◽

Hereditary Factors ◽

Sexual Selection Theory ◽

Machiavellian Intelligence ◽

Level I ◽

The One ◽

Level Of Analysis

Tanulmányunkban a tehetség két aspektusát elemezzük. Az egyik szinten arra a kérdésre keresünk választ, hogy milyen örökletes tényezők tehetők felelőssé a lángész kialakulásáért. Megállapítjuk, hogy a jelenlegi kutatások szerint a tehetség mögött nem fedezhetők fel specifikus gének, de lehetségesek olyan genetikai hatások, amelyek egyfajta emergens szerveződése teremti meg az alapját a lángész kialakulásának – természetesen a különböző környezeti hatásokkal kölcsönhatásban. A másik szintű elemzésben a tehetség evolúciós eredetére kérdezünk rá, és négy olyan humánspecifikus kognitív képesség kialakulását elemezzük, amelyek fontos szerepet játszhatnak a szellemi kiválóság megjelenésében. Nevezetesen arra teszünk kísérletet, hogy megértsük az elmeolvasás, rugalmas gondolkodás, nyelv és kreativitás evolúciós létrejöttét. Ehhez olyan magyarázó model-leket veszünk igénybe, mint a Szociális Intelligencia, Machiavelli Intelligencia, Szexuális Szelekció és Fluid Intelligencia hipotézisek. E magyarázatok megerősítése további kutatásokat igényel.In this paper, two aspects of talent are analyzed. On the one level, I am looking for an answer to what hereditary factors would be responsible for the development of talent. In the light of the current studies, no specific genes have been found to prescribe talent. However, possible genetic effects with an emergent property of their mutual relationships may create the basis of formation of genius – obviously interacting with the environmental effects. On the other level of analysis I am focusing on the evolutionary background of talent. Four human specific cognitive abilities are analyzed that play important roles in the formation of intellectual excellence: mind reading, flexible thought, language, and creativity. The explanations to the evolution of these abilities include Social Intelligence Hypothesis, Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis, Sexual Selection Theory, and Fluid Intelligence Hypothesis. The confirmation of these explanations requires further studies.

Download Full-text

Why Machiavellian intelligence may not be Machiavellian

Machiavellian Intelligence II ◽

10.1017/cbo9780511525636.004 ◽

1997 ◽

pp. 50-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Shirley C. Strum ◽

Deborah Forster ◽

Edwin Hutchins

Keyword(s):

Machiavellian Intelligence

Download Full-text

The Evolution of Grooming and Hand Use in Primates: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

10.20944/preprints201909.0233.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexander Dunkel

Keyword(s):

Tool Use ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Primate Evolution ◽

Object Manipulation ◽

Body Parts ◽

Bayesian Decision ◽

Technical Intelligence ◽

Potential Link ◽

Machiavellian Intelligence ◽

Common Misconceptions

The evolution of manual grooming and its implications have received little attention in the quest to understand the origins of simian primates and their social and technical intelligence. All simians groom manually, whereas prosimians groom orally despite comparable manual dexterity between some members of the two groups. Simians also exhibit a variable propensity for the manipulation of inanimate, non-food objects, which has culminated in tool making and tool use in some species. However, lemuriform primates also seem capable of tool use with training. Furthermore, lemuriforms appear to understand the concept of a tool and use their own body parts as “tools”, despite not using inanimate objects. This suggests that prosimian primates are pre-adapted for proprioceptive object manipulation and tool use, but do not express these cognitive abilities by default. This essay explores the paleontological, anatomical, cognitive, ethological, and neurological roots of these abilities and attempts to explain this behavioural divide between simians and prosimians. Common misconceptions about early primate evolution and captive behaviours are addressed, and chronological inconsistencies with Machiavellian Intelligence are examined. A “licking to picking” hypothesis is also proposed to explain a potential link between manual grooming and object manipulation, and to reconcile the inconsistencies of Machiavellian Intelligence. Bayesian decision theory, the evolution of the parietal cortex and enhanced proprioception, and analogies with behavioural changes resulting from artificial selection may help provide new insights into the minds of both our primate kin and ourselves.

Download Full-text