scholarly journals How do electronic cigarettes affect cravings to smoke or vape? Parsing the influences of nicotine and expectancies using the balanced-placebo design.

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Palmer ◽  
Thomas H. Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Placebo Design

The balanced placebo design: Methodological considerations

1981 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris J. Rohsenow ◽  
G.Allan Marlatt
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Placebo Design

Balanced placebo design: Revolutionary impact on addictions research and theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. George ◽  
Amanda K. Gilmore ◽  
Cynthia A. Stappenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Placebo Design

New directions in the psychotherapy placebo control: The balanced placebo design.

Psychotherapy ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
David B. Newlin ◽  
James B. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Control ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Placebo Design

scholarly journals HOW DO THEY ADD UP? THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PLACEBO AND TREATMENT EFFECT : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy Boussageon ◽  
Jeremy Howick ◽  
Raphael Baron ◽  
florian naudet ◽  
bruno falissard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Pragmatic Trials ◽  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Placebo Design

Aim: The placebo effect and the specific effect are often thought to add up (additive model). Whether this is true or whether there is an interaction between the two, can modify the external validity of a trial. This assumption of additivity was tested by Kleijnen et al. in 1994 but the data produced since then has not been synthetized. In this review, we aimed to systematically review the literature to determine whether additivity held. Methods: We searched Medline and Psychinfo up to 10/01/2019. Studies using the balanced placebo design (BPD), testing two different strengths of placebos, were included. The presence of interaction was evaluated by comparing each group in BPD with analysis of variance or covariance. Results: 30 studies were included and the overall risk of bias was high: four found evidence of additivity and 16 studies found evidence of interaction (seven had evidence of positive additivity). Conclusion: Evidence of additivity between placebo and specific features of treatments was rare in our sample. For ailments that are placebo-responsive, pragmatic trials should be preferred to increase their external validity.

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