Personality, attitude, and demographic correlates of academic dishonesty: A meta-analysis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 1042-1058
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Lee ◽  
Nathan R. Kuncel ◽  
Jacob Gau
Keyword(s):  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Demographic Correlates

substantial numbers of students cheat not just once, but repeatedly (Hollinger & Lanza-Kaduce, 1996; McCabe & Treviño, 1995; Moffatt, 1990). Given the prevalence of academic dishonesty among college students, it is not surprising that considerable research has been conducted on its causes and corre-lates, with more than 100 studies having been published on the topic during the past 3 decades (Whitley, 1998). What is more surprising is the relative lack of at-tention that researchers have paid to gender differences in academic dishonesty given the important role gender plays in theories of in moral reasoning (e.g., Lapsley, 1996). Theorists such as Chodorow (1989) and Gilligan (1982) proposed that differential childhood socialization processes lead to different moral reason-ing orientations in men and women. These theorists proposed that gender differ-ences in moral orientation result in gender differences in behavior, with women being less likely than men to violate social norms because of the negative effects that such violations could have on other people and the potential of such violations to impair fulfillment of women's nurturant role obligations (Robbins & Martin, 1993). Thus, women are less likely than men to engage in minor criminal behavior (e.g., Tibbetts & Herz, 1996), excessive alcohol consumption (e.g., Robbins & Martin, 1993), and unprovoked aggression (e.g., Bettencourt & Miller, 1996). One would therefore expect to find similar gender differences in violations of academic integrity norms, especially given that engaging in academic dishonesty is corre-lated with engaging in other forms of minor deviance (Blankenship & Whitley, 2000; Whitley, 1998). However, in a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in cheating, Whitley, Nelson, and Jones (1999) found a mean difference of only 0.2 standard deviations between men's and women's self-reports of having cheated. Although this difference was statistically significant due to the large cumulative sample size in the meta-analysis, in absolute terms it just met Cohen's (1992) criterion for a nontrivial effect size. In contrast, Whitley et al. found a mean gender difference of about 0.5 standard deviations for attitudes toward cheating, with women reporting more negative attitudes. Thus, women hold more negative attitudes toward cheat-ing than do men but are about equally likely to cheat. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that such attitude-behavior inconsistencies lead to a negative emotional state called cognitive dissonance (Elliot & Devine, 1994; Festinger, 1957). Because, on the average, women hold more negative atti-tudes toward cheating than do men, one would expect women who cheat to experi-ence more cognitive dissonance and so to have more negative affective reactions to having cheated than would men. Although little research has been conducted on such gender differences, Smith, Ryan, and Diggins (1972) found that women re-ported experiencing more guilt over having cheated than did men. In addition, Tibbetts (1997) found that women reported more shame concerning intentions to cheat, and Cochran, Chamlin, Wood, and Sellers (1999) found that women re-ported expecting to feel more shame and embarrassment if they cheated. Further-

2003 ◽  
pp. 35-37
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Attitudes Toward Cheating

Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktória Simon ◽  
Pál Czobor ◽  
Sára Bálint ◽  
Ágnes Mészáros ◽  
István Bitter
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Demographic Correlates ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

BackgroundIn spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis.MethodWe used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1–3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Metaregression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample.ConclusionsPrevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM–IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.

scholarly journals Associations between academic dishonesty and personality: A pre-registered multilevel meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Yves Plessen ◽  
Marton Laszlo Gyimesi ◽  
Bettina Manuela Johanna Kern ◽  
Tanja Marie Fritz ◽  
Marcela Victoria Catalán Lorca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
High Effect ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Size Heterogeneity ◽  
Hexaco Model

Academic dishonesty—the inclination to cheat, fabricate, falsify, and plagiarize in an academic context—is a highly prevalent problem with dire consequences for society. The present meta-analysis systematically examined associations between academic dishonesty and personality traits of the Big Five, the HEXACO model, Machiavellianism, narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and the Dark Core. We provide an update and extension of the only meta-analysis on this topic by Giluk and Postlethwaite (2015), synthesizing in total 89 effect sizes from 50 studies—containing 38,189 participants from 23 countries. Multilevel meta-analytical modelling showed that academic dishonesty was positively correlated with the dark traits, and negatively correlated with openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and honesty-humility. The moderate-to-high effect size heterogeneity—ranging from I2 = 57% to 91%—could only be partially explained by moderator analyses. The observed relationships appear robust with respect to publication bias and measurement error, and can be generalized to a surprisingly large scope (across sexes, continents, scales, and study quality). Future research needs to examine these associations with validated and more nuanced scales for academic dishonesty.

The effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yali Wei ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Liyong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Long Chain

The purpose of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if low-ratio n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation affects serum inflammation markers based on current studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document