Macaques fail to develop habit responses during extended training on a reinforcer devaluation task.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyssa M. LaFlamme ◽  
Farris Ahmed ◽  
Patrick A. Forcelli ◽  
Ludise Malkova
Keyword(s):  
Extended Training ◽  
Reinforcer Devaluation

Variations in the Sensitivity of Instrumental Responding to Reinforcer Devaluation

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2b) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Instrumental Training ◽  
Distributed Training ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Response Practice ◽  
Reinforcer Devaluation ◽  
Successful Integration

In five experiments hungry rats were trained to make a lever press response for a sucrose reinforcer. That sucrose was subsequently devalued by conditioning a food-aversion to it, and the ability of the rats to integrate knowledge about the instrumental contingency with that gained from aversion training was assessed in an extinction test. Experiment I showed successful integration following limited but not extended instrumental training. Experiment II suggested that the crucial factor was the spacing of training; successful integration was seen after massed but not distributed training. The third experiment implicated distributed experience with the reinforcer, rather than distributed response practice, in failures of integration. Experiment IV showed that if the distribution of food-aversion learning was dissimilar to that of instrumental training then a failure of integration could result; this finding was able to account for the distribution of training effects seen in previous studies, but not the effect of extended training. Experiment V replicated the extended training effect seen in Experiment I, and provided evidence that this may reflect the degree of exposure to the reinforcer rather than the extent of response practice.

International training considerations of Canadian Clinician-Scientist Trainees - A national survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. E2-7
Author(s):  
Adam Pietrobon ◽  
Elina K. Cook ◽  
Charles Yin ◽  
Derek C. H. Chan ◽  
Tina B. Marvasti
Keyword(s):  
Degree Completion ◽  
Degree Programs ◽  
International Training ◽  
Additional Training ◽  
Canadian Medical School ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Clinician Scientist ◽  
Dual Degree ◽  
Question Survey

Purpose: Canadian clinician-scientist trainees enrolled in dual degree programs often pursue an extended training route following completion of MD and MSc or PhD degrees. However, the proportion, plans and reasoning of trainees who intend to pursue training internationally following dual degree completion has not been investigated. In this study, we assessed the international training considerations of current clinician-scientist trainees. Methods: We designed an 11-question survey, which was sent out by program directors to all current MDPhD program and Clinician Investigator Program (CIP) trainees. Responses were collected from July 8, 2019 to August 8, 2019. Results: We received a total of 191 responses, with representation from every Canadian medical school and both MD-PhD program and CIP trainees. The majority of trainees are considering completing additional training outside Canada, most commonly post-doctoral and/or clinical fellowships. The most common reasons for considering international training include those related to quality and prestige of training programs. In contrast, the most common reasons for considering staying in Canada for additional training are related to personal and ethical reasons. Irrespective of intentions to pursue international training, the majority of trainees ultimately intend to establish a career in Canada. Conclusion: While most trainees are considering additional training outside of Canada due to prestige and quality of training, the majority of trainees intend to pursue a career as a clinician-scientist back in Canada. Trainees would likely benefit from improved guidance and mentorship on the value of international training, as well as enhanced support in facilitating cross-border mobility.

Optimization of a New Reactive Force Field for Silver - Based Materials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Dulong ◽  
Bruno Madebène ◽  
Susanna Monti ◽  
Johannes Richardi
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Self Assembled Monolayers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reactive Force ◽  
Reactive Force Field ◽  
Energetic Properties ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Geometrical Features ◽  
Assembled Monolayers ◽  
Gold Thiolate

<div><div><div><p>A new reactive force field based on the ReaxFF formalism is effectively parametrized against an extended training set of quantum chemistry data (containing more than 120 different structures) to describe accurately silver- and silver-thiolate systems. The results obtained with this novel representation demonstrate that the novel ReaxFF paradigm is a powerful methodology to reproduce more appropriately average geometric and energetic properties of metal clusters and slabs when compared to the earlier ReaxFF parametrizations dealing with silver and gold. ReaxFF cannot describe adequately specific geometrical features such as the observed shorter distances between the under-coordinated atoms at the cluster edges. Geometric and energetic properties of thiolates adsorbed on a silver Ag20 pyramid are correctly represented by the new ReaxFF and compared with results for gold. The simulation of self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on a silver (111) surface does not indicate the formation of staples in contrast to the results for gold-thiolate systems.</p></div></div></div>

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