Does risk perception motivate preventive behavior during a pandemic? A longitudinal study in the United States and China.

As Chinese households are becoming smaller with increasing numbers of adult children and older parents living apart, the extent to which patterns of parental support reflect traditional gender dynamics is under debate. Integrating theories of sibling compensation with ceremonial giving, we tested whether helping non-coresident parents in China is affected by sibship size and how these patterns depend on own and sibling(s)’ gender using a sample of 4,359 non-coresident parent-child dyads nesting within 3,285 focal adult children from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2013. Opposite to patterns in the United States and Europe, we found substitutions of daughters with sons—having more brothers was associated with daughters’ reduced probabilities and hours of helping. Sons’ patterns of helping were independent of number of brothers and sisters in the family, consistent with the theory of ceremonial giving. These findings reflect the dominance of traditional family dynamics despite changes in family structure.

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Analysis of patterns of use, production, and activity in kid YouTuber channels. A longitudinal study through three cultural contexts: United States, United Kingdom, and Spain

Communications ◽

10.1515/commun-2020-0003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Esther Martínez-Pastor ◽

Ricardo Vizcaíno-Laorga ◽

David Atauri-Mezquida

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

The United States ◽

Cultural Contexts ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Patterns Of Use ◽

Number Of Visits ◽

Production Frequency

Abstract This paper analyzes the data collected about 5,388 videos from the 15 leading channels from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States focusing on toys and in which the protagonists are children under 14 years of age (2011–2019). It aims to determine whether there are common patterns of use, production, and activity in videos by kid YouTubers. Specific software was developed to enable information to be gathered from the YouTube platform through the YouTube Data API by analyzing the date on which the video was published, length, number of visits, likes, dislikes, and visits/vote (visits/[likes+dislikes]). The main conclusions drawn are that a channel’s success is not dependent on a pattern or specific characteristics, although an impulse pattern has been detected; participation by children who consume content in the United States differs significantly from participation by those in Europe; and certain similarities based on video length and production frequency can be observed between channels.

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Impacts of Social Distancing on Pedestrian Behavior and Risk Perception

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181321651287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 1302-1306

Author(s):

Kyra B. Phillips ◽

Kelly N. Byrne ◽

Branden S. Kolarik ◽

Audra K. Krake ◽

Young C. Bui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Close Contact ◽

The United States ◽

Survey Study ◽

Pedestrian Behavior ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Over Time

Since COVID-19 transmission accelerated in the United States in March 2020, guidelines have recommended that individuals wear masks and limit close contact by remaining at least six feet away from others, even while outdoors. Such behavior is important to help slow the spread of the global pandemic; however, it may require pedestrians to make critical decisions about entering a roadway in order to avoid others, potentially creating hazardous situations for both themselves and for drivers. In this survey study, we found that while overall patterns of self-reported pedestrian activity remained largely consistent over time, participants indicated increased willingness to enter active roadways when encountering unmasked pedestrians since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Participants also rated the risks of encountering unmasked pedestrians as greater than those associated with entering a street, though the perceived risk of passing an unmasked pedestrian on the sidewalk decreased over time.

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Arizona Reopening Phase 2: Rise and Fall of COVID-19 Cases

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.06.023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Health Services ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Department Of Health ◽

The World ◽

Data Source

Of the United States 50 states, Arizona is the sixth largest in size. It is about the same size as Italy. After three months of Arizona Reopening Phase 2, the COVID-19 cases had surged. In early January 2021, ABC and NBC News reported that Arizona has the highest new cases per capital in the world. This longitudinal study examined the Arizona’s Reopening Phase 2 surge in cases. The study examined the changes in the numbers of testing given, new COVID-19 cases, cases that required hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccines given. The data source used was from the Arizona Department of Health Services COVID-19 dashboard database. During the last third of seven-month study period, Arizona’s case numbers declined as the number of those infected recovered and acquired immunity and the state residents became fully vaccinated increased.

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Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10121562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1562

Author(s):

Saul Lozano ◽

Jonathan Day ◽

Lilyana Ortega ◽

Maggie Silver ◽

Roxanne Connelly

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Vector Control ◽

News Media ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

The United States ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Use Of Resources

The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance.

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