Supplemental Material for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Response Inhibition: Meta-Analysis of the Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

scholarly journals Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Response Inhibition: Meta-analysis of the Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendall Mar ◽  
Parker Townes ◽  
Petros Pechlivanoglou ◽  
Paul Arnold ◽  
Russell James Schachar
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

This systematic review and meta-analysis updates evidence pertaining to deficient response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as measured by the stop-signal task (SST). We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature to compare response inhibition in patients with OCD and healthy controls, meta-regressions to determine relative influences of age and sex on response inhibition impairment, and a risk of bias assessment for included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), which estimates the latency of the stopping process deficit, was significantly longer in OCD samples than in controls, reflecting inferior inhibitory control (Raw mean difference = 23.43ms; p = <0.001; 95% CI = [17.42, 29.45]). We did not observe differences in mean reaction time (MRT) in OCD compared to controls (Raw mean difference = 2.51ms; p = 0.755; 95% CI = [-13.27, 18.30]). Age impacted effect size of SSRT, indicating a greater deficit in older patients than younger ones. We did not observe a significant effect of sex on SSRT or MRT scores.

scholarly journals Stop Signal Reaction Time Deficits in a Lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C.R. McLaughlin ◽  
Jason Kirschner ◽  
Hallee Foster ◽  
Chloe O’Connell ◽  
Steven A. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractObjectives: Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. Methods: OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. Results: OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. Conclusions: Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785–789)

scholarly journals The Role of Response Inhibition in Medicated and Unmedicated Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients: Evidence from the Stop-Signal Task

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Kalanthroff ◽  
Tobias Teichert ◽  
Michael G. Wheaton ◽  
Marcia B. Kimeldorf ◽  
Omer Linkovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Response inhibition in the obsessive-compulsive spectrum

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 150-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sottocorno ◽  
R. Martoni ◽  
E. Galimberti ◽  
E. Fadda ◽  
L. Bellodi
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference

IntroductionSome authors suggest that Anorexia Nervosa (AN) could be considered as part of the Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be best characterized in terms of failures in cognitive and behavioral inhibitory functions. Impairments in intentionally inhibiting simple motor actions (Response Inhibition) have been demonstrated in these patients but no studies were conducted in AN patients.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate Response Inhibition (RI) in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Healthy Controls (HC).Methods29 HC, 17 patients with OCD and 15 patients with AN were recruited. Stop Signal Task (SST) selected from Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to all participants. SST is based on the Logan's theory and it gives an index of Response Inhibition, called Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT).ResultsA significant difference in SSRT between HC and the clinical groups was found. No differences in SSRT and number of “Direction Errors” were found between OCD and AN groups. No gender influence on the SST performance was found.OCD group showed slower reaction times to the main task than AN and HC.ConclusionResults from neuropsychological assessment have shown a deficit in the Response Inhibition in OCD and AN patients, in line with our hypothesis. Findings supports evidences in literature about OCD patients, but it represents a pioneer result in the contest of AN patients.

Inhibitory control and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN LIPSZYC ◽  
RUSSELL SCHACHAR
Keyword(s):  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Comorbid Adhd

AbstractThe Stop Signal Task (SST) is a measure that has been used widely to assess response inhibition. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined SST performance in patients with various psychiatric disorders to determine the magnitude and generality of deficient inhibition. A five-item instrument was used to assess the methodological quality of studies. We found medium deficits in stop signal reaction time (SSRT), reflecting the speed of the inhibitory process, for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (g = 0.62), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (g = 0.77) and schizophrenia (SCZ) (g = 0.69). SSRT was less impaired or normal for anxiety disorder (ANX), autism, major depressive disorder (MDD), oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), pathological gambling, reading disability (RD), substance dependence, and Tourette syndrome. We observed a large SSRT deficit for comorbid ADHD + RD (g = 0.82). SSRT was less than moderately impaired for ADHD + ANX and ADHD + ODD/CD. Study quality did not significantly affect SSRT across ADHD studies. This confirms an inhibition deficit in ADHD, and suggests that comorbid ADHD has different effects on inhibition in patients with ANX, ODD/CD, and RD. Further studies are needed to firmly establish an inhibition deficit in OCD and SCZ. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1064–1076.)

Actions speak louder than words: Enhanced action tendencies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An ERP study

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S89-S89
Author(s):  
A. Dayan Riva ◽  
A. Berger ◽  
G. Anholt
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Action Tendencies

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repeated thoughts and behaviors. Several studies have detected deficient response inhibition ability in individuals with OCD, leading researchers to suggest this deficit as an endophenotype of OCD. However, other researchers maintain that the effect size of this deficit is modest and that it lacks clinical significance. The current investigation examines a potential alternative explanation for difficulties in response inhibition, namely enhanced action tendencies in response to stimuli. Therefore, early processes of motor response preparation preceding action performance (or inhibition) were studied with the event-related potential (ERP) component of readiness potential (RP). RP measures brain reactions related to motor activity in response to external stimuli. ERPs were recorded while 15 participants with OCD and 16 healthy controls performed a variation of a go/no-go task and a stop-signal task using schematic faces (angry and neutral). The OCD group presented with a greater RP slope gradient and amplitude over bilateral parietal areas corresponding to the motor cortex. The amplitude effect was further enhanced under negative valence, compared with the neutral condition. Differences in RP between the OCD and control groups remained significant when controlling for levels of trait anxiety. Results support the hypothesis that a stronger readiness for action might characterize OCD, especially in the presence of threatening stimuli. This finding, specific to OCD and not to anxiety symptoms, may underlie habitual tendencies in OCD. This study suggests that early-stages of motor preparation might be important to the etiology and maintenance of OCD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Inhibition of thoughts and actions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: extending the endophenotype?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Morein-Zamir ◽  
N. A. Fineberg ◽  
T. W. Robbins ◽  
B. J. Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stimulus Meaning

BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with impairments in stop-signal inhibition, a measure of motor response suppression. The study used a novel paradigm to examine both thought suppression and response inhibition in OCD, where the modulatory effects of stimuli relevant to OCD could also be assessed. Additionally, the study compared inhibitory impairments in OCD patients with and without co-morbid depression, as depression is the major co-morbidity of OCD.MethodVolitional response suppression and unintentional thought suppression to emotive and neutral stimuli were examined using a novel thought stop-signal task. The thought stop-signal task was administered to non-depressed OCD patients, depressed OCD patients and healthy controls (n=20 per group).ResultsMotor inhibition impairments were evident in OCD patients, while motor response performance did not differ between patients and controls. Switching to a new response but not motor inhibition was affected by stimulus relevance in OCD patients. Additionally, unintentional thought suppression as measured by repetition priming was intact. OCD patients with and without depression did not differ on any task performance measures, though there were significant differences in all self-reported measures.ConclusionsResults support motor inhibition deficits in OCD that remain stable regardless of stimulus meaning or co-morbid depression. Only switching to a new response was influenced by stimulus meaning. When response inhibition was successful in OCD patients, so was the unintentional suppression of the accompanying thought.

scholarly journals The Development of Cognitive Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Longitudinal fMRI study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Gooskens ◽  
Dienke J. Bos ◽  
Jilly Naaijen ◽  
Sophie E.A. Akkermans ◽  
Anna Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Children With Asd

AbstractRepetitive behavior is a core symptom of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and has been associated with impairments in cognitive control. However, it is unclear how cognitive control and associated neural circuitry relate to the development of repetitive behavior in children with these disorders. In a multicenter, longitudinal study (TACTICS; Translational Adolescent and Childhood Therapeutic Interventions in Compulsive Syndromes), the development of cognitive control was assessed during late childhood using a longitudinal fMRI design with a modified stop-signal task in children with ASD or OCD, and typically developing (TD) children (baseline: N=122 (8-12y), follow-up: N=72 (10-14y), average interval: 1.2y). Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) decreased over development, regardless of diagnosis. Repetitive behavior in children with ASD and OCD was not associated with performance on the stop-signal task. There were no whole-brain between-group differences in brain activity, but ROI-analyses showed increases in activity in right precentral gyrus over development for children with OCD. In sum, even though subtle differences were observed in the development of brain activity in children with OCD, the findings overall suggest that the development of cognitive control, as assessed by the stop signal task, is similar in children with and without ASD or OCD.

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