scholarly journals Child anxiety symptoms related to longitudinal cortisol trajectories and acute stress responses: Evidence of developmental stress sensitization.

2015 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidemarie K. Laurent ◽  
Kathryn S. Gilliam ◽  
Dorianne B. Wright ◽  
Philip A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
Stress Sensitization

scholarly journals Effects of Open-Label Placebos on State Anxiety and Glucocorticoid Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Michael Schaefer ◽  
Julian Hellmann-Regen ◽  
Sören Enge
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Negative Feelings

Stress belongs to the most frequent negative feelings people are confronted with in daily life. Strategies against acute stress include, e.g., relaxation techniques or medications, but it is also known that placebos can successfully reduce negative emotional stress. While it is widely held that placebos require deception to provoke a response, recent studies demonstrate intriguing evidence that placebos may work even without concealment (e.g., against anxiety or pain). Most of these studies are based on self-report questionnaires and do not include physiological measures. Here we report results of a study examining whether placebos without deception reduce acute stress. A total of 53 healthy individuals received either placebos without deception or no pills before participating in a laboratory stress test (Maastricht Acute Stress Test, MAST). We recorded self-report stress measures and cortisol responses before and after the MAST. Results showed no significant differences between the placebo and the control group, but when comparing participants with high relative to low beliefs in the power of placebos we found significant lower anxiety and cortisol responses for the placebo believers. These results show that non-deceptive placebos may successfully reduce acute anxiety and stress, but only in participants who had a strong belief in placebos. We discuss the results by suggesting that open-label placebos might be a possible treatment to reduce stress at least for some individuals.

Acute cold stress in rheumatoid arthritis inadequately activates stress responses and induces an increase of interleukin 6

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Straub ◽  
G Pongratz ◽  
H Hirvonen ◽  
T Pohjolainen ◽  
M Mikkelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cold Therapy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sympathetic Stress

Objective:Acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should stimulate a strong stress response. After cryotherapy, we expected to observe an increase of hormones of the adrenal gland and the sympathetic nervous system.Methods:A total of 55 patients with RA were recruited for whole-body cryotherapy at −110°C and −60°C, and local cold therapy between −20°C and −30°C for 7 days. We measured plasma levels of steroid hormones, neuropeptide Y (sympathetic marker), and interleukin (IL)6 daily before and after cryotherapy.Results:In both therapy groups with/without glucocorticoids (GC), hormone and IL6 levels at baseline and 5 h after cold stress did not change over 7 days of cryotherapy. In patients without GC, plasma levels of cortisol and androstenedione were highest after −110°C cold stress followed by −60°C or local cold stress. The opposite was found in patients under GC therapy, in whom, unexpectedly, −110°C cold stress elicited the smallest responses. In patients without GC, adrenal cortisol production increased relative to other adrenal steroids, and again the opposite was seen under GC therapy with a loss of cortisol and an increase of dehydroepiandrosterone. Importantly, there was no sympathetic stress response in both groups. Patients without GC and −110°C cold stress demonstrated higher plasma IL6 compared to the other treatment groups (not observed under GC), but they showed the best clinical response.Conclusions:We detected an inadequate stress response in patients with GC. It is further shown that the sympathetic stress response was inadequate in patients with/without GC. Paradoxically, plasma levels of IL6 increased under strong cold stress in patients without GC. These findings confirm dysfunctional stress axes in RA.

scholarly journals The Effect of Extensive Human Presence at an Early Age on Stress Responses and Reactivity of Juvenile Ostriches towards Humans

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pfunzo Muvhali ◽  
Maud Bonato ◽  
Anel Engelbrecht ◽  
Irek Malecki ◽  
Denise Hough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Sexual Display

The effect of extensive human presence and regular gentle handling performed at an early age (0–3 months old) on stress responses and reactivity of juvenile ostriches towards humans was investigated. A total of 416 ostrich chicks over two years were exposed to one of three treatments for three months after hatching; namely, Human Presence 1 (HP1, N = 144): extensive/prolonged human presence with physical contact (touch, stroking), gentle human voice, and visual stimuli; Human Presence 2 (HP2, N = 136): extensive/prolonged human presence without physical contact, but with gentle human voice and visual stimuli; and the Standard treatment (S, N = 136): human presence limited to routine feed and water supply as a control. At 7.5 months of age, the plasma heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured before and 72 h after feather harvesting and feather clipping to determine acute stress responses, while chronic stress was measured by quantification of corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in the floss feathers of the birds. Birds’ behavioural response towards a familiar or an unfamiliar handler was evaluated at 12 months using docility and fear tests, and through behavioural observations conducted on random days between the ages of 8–13 months. Willingness to approach, and to allow touch interactions, aggressiveness, and exhibition of sexual display towards the handler, was recorded. No difference in the H/L ratios before and after feather harvesting and clipping was observed in HP1 birds, whereas H/L ratios showed a significant increase 72 h post feather harvesting and clipping in HP2 and S birds (p < 0.05). Birds from the S treatment exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher feather CORT concentration compared with HP1 birds, while HP2 birds had intermediate responses. Birds’ reactivity towards humans and temperament as evaluated using behavioural observations, docility, and fear tests was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). However, HP1 and HP2 birds were more inclined (p < 0.05) to approach a familiar rather than an unfamiliar handler during the behavioural observations, indicating an ability to distinguish between a familiar and an unfamiliar handler. Overall, the results indicate that early gentle human interactions with ostrich chicks can be beneficial in reducing physiological stress sensitivity later in life and facilitate the ability of ostriches to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar handlers.

Acute stress responses: A review and synthesis of ASD, ASR, and CSR.

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanna Isserlin ◽  
Gadi Zerach ◽  
Zahava Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress

Maternal immune and affiliative biomarkers and sensitive parenting mediate the effects of chronic early trauma on child anxiety

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ulmer-Yaniv ◽  
A. Djalovski ◽  
K. Yirmiya ◽  
G. Halevi ◽  
O. Zagoory-Sharon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Early Trauma

BackgroundChronic early trauma alters children's stress reactivity and increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders; yet the neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms underpinning this effect are not fully clear. Animal studies indicate that the mother's physiology and behavior mediate offspring stress in a system-specific manner, but few studies tested this external-regulatory maternal role in human children exposed to chronic stress.MethodsWe followed a unique cohort of children exposed to continuous wartime trauma (N= 177; exposed;N= 101, controls;N= 76). At 10 years, maternal and child's salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and oxytocin (OT), biomarkers of the immune and affiliation systems, were assayed, maternal and child relational behaviors observed, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and child anxiety symptoms assessed.ResultsWar-exposed mothers had higher s-IgA, lower OT, more anxiety symptoms, and their parenting was characterized by reduced sensitivity. Exposed children showed higher s-IgA, more anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder, and more anxiety symptoms. Path analysis model defined three pathways by which maternal physiology and behavior impacted child anxiety; (a) increasing maternal s-IgA, which led to increased child s-IgA, augmenting child anxiety; (b) reducing maternal OT, which linked with diminished child OT and social repertoire; and (c) increasing maternal anxiety, which directly impacted child anxiety.ConclusionsOur findings, the first to measure immune and affiliation biomarkers in mothers and children, detail their unique and joint effects on children's anxiety in response to stress; highlight the relations between chronic stress, immune activation, and anxiety in children; and describe how processes of biobehavioral synchrony shape children's long-term adaptation.

Stress and Substance Misuse

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
James M. Bjork ◽  
Nicholas D. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Response Systems

Stress is both a critical contributor and consequence of substance use disorder (SUD). First, exaggerated subjective stress responses are characteristic of affective symptomatology such as depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (sometimes stemming from histories of abuse) that have been prognostic of development of addiction in longitudinal studies. Substance use is negatively reinforced in many at-risk and addicted individuals because it may acutely alleviate stress. Second, chronic administration of commonly abused substances alters physiological stress response systems, especially during acute withdrawal. Third, acute stress responses blunt the addicted individual’s frontocortically mediated behavioral repertoire (solution space) in favor of reflexive behavioral biases toward relief-based substance use. Therefore, acute stress responses are a strong trigger for relapse to substance use during extended recovery. These findings have collectively led to approaches to SUD relapse prevention that pharmacologically blunt components of the stress response, but these agents have not reliably shown success in human clinical trials. This chapter reviews these different relationships between stress and addiction and offers future avenues for additional research.

scholarly journals The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Hoge ◽  
Eric Bui ◽  
Sophie A. Palitz ◽  
Noah R. Schwarz ◽  
Maryann E. Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Generalized Anxiety

scholarly journals CReP mediates selective translation initiation at the endoplasmic reticulum

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. eaba0745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Kastan ◽  
Elena Y. Dobrikova ◽  
Jeffrey D. Bryant ◽  
Matthias Gromeier
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Local Protein Synthesis ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Selective Translation

Eukaryotic protein synthesis control at multiple levels allows for dynamic, selective responses to diverse conditions, but spatial organization of translation initiation machinery as a regulatory principle has remained largely unexplored. Here we report on a role of constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation (CReP) in translation of poliovirus and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–resident chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) at the ER. Functional, proximity-dependent labeling and cell fractionation studies revealed that CReP, through binding eIF2α, anchors translation initiation machinery at the ER and enables local protein synthesis in this compartment. This ER site was protected from the suppression of cytoplasmic protein synthesis by acute stress responses, e.g., phosphorylation of eIF2α(S51) or mTOR blockade. We propose that partitioning of translation initiation machinery at the ER enables cells to maintain active translation during stress conditions associated with global protein synthesis suppression.

Daily Rhythms in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis and Acute Stress Responses in a Teleost Flatfish,Solea senegalensis

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. López-Olmeda ◽  
B. Blanco-Vives ◽  
I. M. Pujante ◽  
Y. S. Wunderink ◽  
J. M. Mancera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
Daily Rhythms

scholarly journals Effect of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on hemodynamic responses to acute stress: a randomized crossover trial in healthy women

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Cros ◽  
Lucie Bidlingmeyer ◽  
Robin Rosset ◽  
Kevin Seyssel ◽  
Camille Crézé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Hemodynamic Stress

Abstract Background The mechanisms by which chronic stress increases the risk of non-communicable diseases remain poorly understood. On one hand, chronic stress may increase systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure, which may lead to blood vessels injury and altered myocardial perfusion. On the other hand, chronic stress may promote the overconsumption of sugar-containing foods and favor obesity. There is indeed evidence that sweet foods are preferentially consumed to alleviate stress responses. The effects of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on hemodynamic stress responses remain however largely unknown. Objective/design This study aimed at comparing the effects of sucrose-containing and NNS-containing drinks, as compared to unsweetened water, on hemodynamic responses to acute stress in twelve healthy female subjects. Acute stress responses were elicited by a 30-min mental stress (5-min Stroop’s test alternated with 5-min mental arithmetic) and a 3-min cold pressure test (CPT), each preceded by a resting baseline period. Hemodynamic stress responses were investigated by the repeated measurement of mean arterial pressure and the continuous monitoring of cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance measurement. SVR was selected as a primary outcome because it is a sensitive measure of hemodynamic responses to acute stress procedures. Results With all three drinks, SVR were not changed with mental stress (P = 0.437), but were increased with CPT (P = 0.045). Both mental stress and CPT increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate (all P < 0.001). Cardiac output increased with mental stress (P < 0.001) and remained unchanged with CPT (P = 0.252). No significant differences in hemodynamic responses were observed between water, sucrose and NNS (stress × condition, all P > 0.05). Conclusions These results demonstrate that sucrose and NNS do not alter hemodynamic responses to two different standardized acute stress protocols.

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