Motor preparation and the effects of practice: Evidence from startle.

2011 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Maslovat ◽  
Nicola J. Hodges ◽  
Romeo Chua ◽  
Ian M. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Motor Preparation

Sport practice changes the brain: A study on motor preparation in top-level shooters

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Spinelli ◽  
Teresa Aprile Francesco Di Russo ◽  
Sabrina Pitzalis
Keyword(s):  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Preparing to React: A Behavioral Study on the Interplay between Proactive and Reactive Action Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Stefania C. Ficarella ◽  
Andrea Desantis ◽  
Alexandre Zénon ◽  
Boris Burle
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Errors Analysis ◽  
Action Inhibition

Motor preparation, based on one’s goals and expectations, allows for prompt reactions to stimulations from the environment. Proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms modulate this preparation and interact to allow a flexible control of responses. In this study, we investigate these two control mechanisms with an ad hoc cued Go/NoGo Simon paradigm in a within-subjects design, and by measuring subliminal motor activities through electromyographic recordings. Go cues instructed participants to prepare a response and wait for target onset to execute it (Go target) or inhibit it (NoGo target). Proactive inhibition keeps the prepared response in check, hence preventing false alarms. Preparing the cue-coherent effector in advance speeded up responses, even when it turned out to be the incorrect effector and reactive inhibition was needed to perform the action with the contralateral one. These results suggest that informative cues allow for the investigation of the interaction between proactive and reactive action inhibition. Partial errors’ analysis suggests that their appearance in compatible conflict-free trials depends on cue type and prior preparatory motor activity. Motor preparation plays a key role in determining whether proactive inhibition is needed to flexibly control behavior, and it should be considered when investigating proactive/reactive inhibition.

Timing, Storage, and Comparison of Stimulus Duration Engage Discrete Anatomical Components of a Perceptual Timing Network

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2185-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer T. Coull ◽  
Bruno Nazarian ◽  
Franck Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
Perceptual Timing ◽  
The Right

The temporal discrimination paradigm requires subjects to compare the duration of a probe stimulus to that of a sample previously stored in working or long-term memory, thus providing an index of timing that is independent of a motor response. However, the estimation process itself comprises several component cognitive processes, including timing, storage, retrieval, and comparison of durations. Previous imaging studies have attempted to disentangle these components by simply measuring brain activity during early versus late scanning epochs. We aim to improve the temporal resolution and precision of this approach by using rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to time-lock the hemodynamic response to presentation of the sample and probe stimuli themselves. Compared to a control (color-estimation) task, which was matched in terms of difficulty, sustained attention, and motor preparation requirements, we found selective activation of the left putamen for the storage (“encoding”) of stimulus duration into working memory (WM). Moreover, increased putamen activity was linked to enhanced timing performance, suggesting that the level of putamen activity may modulate the depth of temporal encoding. Retrieval and comparison of stimulus duration in WM selectively activated the right superior temporal gyrus. Finally, the supplementary motor area was equally active during both sample and probe stages of the task, suggesting a fundamental role in timing the duration of a stimulus that is currently unfolding in time.

scholarly journals Altered EEG Microstates During Motor Preparation for Resting-State, Voluntary and Instructed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. S99-S100
Author(s):  
Lipeng Zhang ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Li Shi ◽  
Jinfeng Gao ◽  
Yuxia Hu
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Motor Preparation

Reaction Time in a Visual 4-Choice Reaction Time Task: ERP Effects of Motor Preparation and Hemispheric Involvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrida Antonova ◽  
Claudia van Swam ◽  
Daniela Hubl ◽  
Thomas Dierks ◽  
Inga Griskova-Bulanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Choice Reaction Time Task ◽  
Time Task

scholarly journals Temporal Interactions of Air-Puff–Evoked Blinks and Saccadic Eye Movements: Insights Into Motor Preparation

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 1718-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj J. Gandhi ◽  
Desiree K. Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Temporal Interactions

Following the initial, sensory response to stimulus presentation, activity in many saccade-related burst neurons along the oculomotor neuraxis is observed as a gradually increasing low-frequency discharge hypothesized to encode both timing and metrics of the impending eye movement. When the activity reaches an activation threshold level, these cells discharge a high-frequency burst, inhibit the pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) and trigger a high-velocity eye movement known as saccade. We tested whether early cessation of OPN activity, prior to when it ordinarily pauses, acts to effectively lower the threshold and prematurely trigger a movement of modified metrics and/or dynamics. Relying on the observation that OPN discharge ceases during not only saccades but also blinks, air-puffs were delivered to one eye to evoke blinks as monkeys performed standard oculomotor tasks. We observed a linear relationship between blink and saccade onsets when the blink occurred shortly after the cue to initiate the movement but before the average reaction time. Blinks that preceded and overlapped with the cue increased saccade latency. Blinks evoked during the overlap period of the delayed saccade task, when target location is known but a saccade cannot be initiated for correct performance, failed to trigger saccades prematurely. Furthermore, when saccade and blink execution coincided temporally, the peak velocity of the eye movement was attenuated, and its initial velocity was correlated with its latency. Despite the perturbations, saccade accuracy was maintained across all blink times and task types. Collectively, these results support the notion that temporal features of the low-frequency activity encode aspects of a premotor command and imply that inhibition of OPNs alone is not sufficient to trigger saccades.

Why does the Quiet Eye improve aiming accuracy? Testing a motor preparation hypothesis with brain potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Yuuki Mizusaki ◽  
Sachi Ikudome ◽  
Yasumitsu Ishii ◽  
Satoshi Unenaka ◽  
Taishi Funo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Quiet Eye

Changing the “When” and “What” of Intended Actions

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 2755-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
Shannon Matkovich ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanism ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reaction Time Condition

Humans often have to modify the timing and/or type of their planned actions on the basis of new sensory information. In the present experiments, participants planned to make a right index finger keypress 3 s after a warning stimulus but on some trials were interrupted by a temporally unpredictable auditory tone prompting the same action ( experiment 1) or a different action ( experiment 2). In experiment 1, by comparing the reaction time (RT) to tones presented at different stages of the preparatory period to RT in a simple reaction time condition, we determined the cost of switching from an internally generated mode of response production to an externally triggered mode in situations requiring only a change in when an action is made (i.e., when the tone prompts the action at a different time from the intended time of action). Results showed that the cost occurred for interruption tones delivered 200 ms after a warning stimulus and remained relatively stable throughout most of the preparatory period with a reduction in the magnitude of the cost during the last 200 ms prior to the intended time of movement. In experiment 2, which included conditions requiring a change in both when and what action is produced on the tone, results show a larger cost when the switched to action is different from the action being prepared. We discuss our results in the light of neurophysiological experiments on motor preparation and suggest that intending to act is accompanied by a general inhibitory mechanism preventing premature motor output and a specific excitatory process pertaining to the intended movement. Interactions between these two mechanisms could account for our behavioral results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document