scholarly journals The role of eyewitness identification evidence in felony case dispositions.

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. Flowe ◽  
Amrita Mehta ◽  
Ebbe B. Ebbesen
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Case Dispositions

scholarly journals The role of estimator variables in eyewitness identification.

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Semmler ◽  
John Dunn ◽  
Laura Mickes ◽  
John T. Wixted
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification

Role of anthropological opinion in verification of eyewitness identification result

2017 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Piotr Herbowski ◽  
◽  
Dorota Lorkiewicz-Muszyńska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Criminal Trial ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
The Face

Probative value of results obtained in the course of legal proceedings with the participants of the criminal act may vary. This also concerns results of identification by an eyewitness. The exceptional role of its result in the criminal trial derives from the fact that categorical identification of a suspect by the witness becomes directly incriminating evidence. Problems connected with verification of identification parade result, which often occur both in Poland and in other countries, have been presented on the basis of a real criminal case. The main evidence submitted by the prosecutor was identification of several people who had been suspected of theft by an eye witness. Some important doubts relating to their guilt, however, arose in the criminal trial in court several years after the crime. The court decided to use the help of an expert in the field of anthropological identification. Comprehensive analysis of the CCTV recordings from the crime scene and additional examinations carried out by an expert made it possible to verify the results of the identification parade objectively and precisely. For the defendants the anthropological opinion was just exculpatory evidence. However, it opened up new possibilities to obtain information, especially when low quality of CCTV recordings does not allow for a detailed analysis of the characteristics of morphological elements of the head including its front part which is the face.

Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Joanna Pozzulo
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the role of estimator variables within eyewitness memory. Estimator variables are factors that occur during the time of the crime that may affect eyewitness identification accuracy. Various estimator variables are discussed, in conjunction with familiarity, to highlight how eyewitness recall and identification may be impacted. The chapter first discusses witness variables such as the role of the eyewitness (i.e., whether the witness is a bystander or a victim), the role of arousal during the time of the crime, the age of the witness, the cross-race effect, and personality variables that may impact identification accuracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges the criminal justice system faces when determining the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification accuracy and the need to consider these variables in conjunction with familiarity.

The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables.

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Cutler ◽  
Steven D. Penrod ◽  
Todd K. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification

Eyewitness Descriptions and Identifications of Familiar Perpetrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Joanna Pozzulo
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Innocent Suspect

This chapter discusses the role of an eyewitness, the importance of eyewitness testimony, and the different identification decisions that an eyewitness can make when the police have apprehended the guilty suspect or an innocent suspect of the crime in question. The chapter then discusses eyewitness recall of strangers, highlighting recent research focusing on an eyewitnesses’ ability to recall details about a perpetrator who is familiar to them. Furthermore, this chapter provides a description of other situations within the legal system in which familiarity recall may be required (e.g., the recall of familiar and unfamiliar events). The chapter also discusses familiarity in relation to how it may impact eyewitness identification accuracy by describing recent research that has utilized an eyewitness paradigm.

scholarly journals The Role of Estimator Variables in Eyewitness Identification

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Semmler ◽  
John Cameron Dunn ◽  
Laura Mickes ◽  
John Wixted
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lower Confidence ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications

Estimator variables are factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications but that are outside of the control of the criminal justice system. Examples include (1) the duration of exposure to the perpetrator, (2) the passage of time between the crime and the identification (retention interval), (3) the distance between the witness and the perpetrator at the time of the crime. Suboptimal estimator variables (e.g., long distance) have long been thought to reduce the reliability of eyewitness identifications (IDs), but recent evidence suggests that this is not true of IDs made with high confidence and may or may not be true of IDs made with lower confidence. The evidence suggests that while suboptimal estimator variables decrease discriminability (i.e., the ability to distinguish innocent from guilty suspects), they do not decrease the reliability of IDs made with high confidence. Such findings are inconsistent with the longstanding “optimality hypothesis” and therefore require a new theoretical framework. Here, we propose that a signal-detection-based likelihood ratio account – which has long been a mainstay of basic theories of recognition memory – naturally accounts for these findings.

The Role of Spectacles in Facial Memory: A Replication and Extension

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. McKelvie
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Facial Memory

A total of 187 subjects in three conditions involving 1- or 3-sec. exposure times and 10-min. or 7-day delays were shown 20 photographs of faces, half of which were bespectacled, and then tested from a set of 40 consisting of the original 20 mixed up with 20 new ones, half of which were also bespectacled. Accuracy of recognition declined with shorter exposure and longer delay and was lower for faces with than without spectacles at the shorter delay. In all three conditions, there were more false-alarms for faces with than without glasses. It is concluded that eyeglasses did not serve as an efficient discriminating feature in recognition memory, and it is recommended that positive eyewitness identification of people wearing spectacles be treated with particular caution.

scholarly journals The Role of Metamemory in Eyewitness Testimony

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan Benigno Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Eyewitness Accuracy ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Relationship

Estimating eyewitness memory accuracy is crucial in forensic settings, given the need for efficient investigations and the negative consequences of erroneous testimony. In fact, mistaken identifications of innocent suspects have contributed to numerous miscarriages of justice, which often results in many years of innocent lives spent in prison. Eyewitness psychology research has established that eyewitness memory is not a permanent record of perceived events and may be tainted by a number of different factors. Witnesses recollections of important facts not only deteriorate over time but can also be negatively distorted by new information introduced after the original experience. In this thesis, the overarching goal of the research was to test the utility of metamemory assessments as postdictors of eyewitness performance. Metamemory research is essential for a comprehensive understanding of how people use and perceive their own memory, but it has not yet been thoroughly explored in eyewitness settings. Six experiments were conducted, providing new findings that help elucidate the relationship between metamemory and eyewitness accuracy, confidence, and over/underconfidence in forensic settings. More specifically, I investigate how self-ratings of memory ability relate to eyewitness performance in the identification and free recall contexts. These experiments provided initial evidence that some metamemory factors may be important indicators of eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. It has also been found that eyewitness-specific metamemory factors are predictive of identification accuracy for both biased and unbiased lineups. In this thesis, I summarize the main findings of this novel line of research, presenting the challenges and prospects facing future eyewitness metamemory research.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor
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