Supplemental Material for Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem, 1988–2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis.

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cohort Differences

Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem, 1988–2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Gentile ◽  
Jean M. Twenge ◽  
W. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Modal Response ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Meta Analyses

Three meta-analyses find increases over the generations in Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE) scores between 1988 and 2008 among American middle school ( d = 0.78, n = 10,119), high school ( d = 0.39, n = 16,669), and college students ( d = 0.30, n = 28,918). The changes are consistent with an increasing emphasis on self-worth in American culture and, for high school students, with small increases in academic competence over time. College students’ scores change only when the RSE is administered with a 4-point Likert scale with no midpoint. By 2008, a score of 40 (perfect self-esteem) was the modal response of college students, chosen by 18% of participants; 51% scored 35 or over. Given these shifts in responses, the possibility of revising the RSE is discussed.

Age and Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Twenge ◽  
W. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Social Statistics ◽  
Over Time

A meta-analytic review finds that college students' self-esteem increased substantially between 1968 and 1994 when measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). Children's scores on the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) show a curvilinear pattern over time, decreasing from 1965 to 1979 and increasing from 1980 to 1993. Children's SEI scores are directly correlated with social statistics (e.g., divorce rate, unemployment) for the corresponding years. Analyses for age differences find that SEI scores decrease slightly during the transition from elementary school to junior high and then rise progressively through high school and college. RSE scores increase steadily with age. Results are discussed in terms of the antecedents of self-esteem, including social acceptance, competencies, and the culture of self-worth.

Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 1045-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Orth ◽  
Ruth Yasemin Erol ◽  
Eva C. Luciano
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem
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