Temporal frequency modulates reaction time responses to first-order and second-order motion.

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1325-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire V. Hutchinson ◽  
Tim Ledgeway
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order

What is the Transition Point between Static and Dynamic Motion Aftereffects?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
H Ashida ◽  
F A J Verstraten ◽  
S Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Transition Point ◽  
Test Pattern ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Adaptation Stimulus ◽  
Static Test ◽  
First Order

The motion aftereffect (MAE) measured with a dynamic test pattern (eg a counterphase-flickering grating) is distinguishable by a number of properties from the classical MAE obtained with a static test pattern. For a dynamic MAE, however, it is not sufficient simply to introduce dynamic properties into the test pattern. In two experiments we attempted to determine the transition point in the temporal-frequency domain at which a dynamic MAE becomes distinguishable from the static MAE. First, we examined the interocular transfer (IOT) of the MAE with conventional first-order (luminance) gratings. The amount of IOT increased with temporal frequency, and was almost complete at 1 Hz and above. In addition, the IOT of a dynamic MAE shows a drastic reduction in the peripheral visual field, possibly reflecting difficulties in feature tracking or the loss of involuntary attention. Second, we examined the MAE with second-order motion as the adaptation stimulus (contrast modulation of two-dimensional static noise). Under these conditions, similar results were obtained for first-order and second-order test gratings: MAE was not observed at low temporal frequencies and a substantial MAE was observed only at 1 Hz and above. The results agree with recent findings which showed a gradual loss of spatial-frequency selectivity with increasing temporal frequency of the test pattern (Mareschal et al, 1997 Vision Research37 1755 – 1759). The present results support the idea that two mechanisms underlie the different kinds of MAE: a low-level mechanism responsible for the MAE observed at low temporal frequencies, and a high-level mechanism operating predominantly at high temporal frequencies with a transition point at about 1 Hz.

scholarly journals Properties of smooth pursuit and visual motion reaction time to second-order motion stimuli

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243430
Author(s):  
Takeshi Miyamoto ◽  
Kenichiro Miura ◽  
Tomohiro Kizuka ◽  
Seiji Ono
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Visual Motion Perception ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pursuit Initiation ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies

A large number of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have demonstrated that smooth pursuit eye movements are tightly related to visual motion perception. This could be due to the fact that visual motion sensitive cortical areas such as meddle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal (MST) areas are involved in motion perception as well as pursuit initiation. Although the directional-discrimination and perceived target velocity tasks are used to evaluate visual motion perception, it is still uncertain whether the speed of visual motion perception, which is determined by visuomotor reaction time (RT) to a small target, is related to pursuit initiation. Therefore, we attempted to determine the relationship between pursuit latency/acceleration and the visual motion RT which was measured to the visual motion stimuli that moved leftward or rightward. The participants were instructed to fixate on a stationary target and press one of the buttons corresponding to the direction of target motion as soon as possible once the target starts to move. We applied five different visual motion stimuli including first- and second-order motion for smooth pursuit and visual motion RT tasks. It is well known that second-order motion induces lower retinal image motion, which elicits weaker responses in MT and MST compared to first-order motion stimuli. Our results showed that pursuit initiation including latency and initial eye acceleration were suppressed by second-order motion. In addition, second-order motion caused a delay in visual motion RT. The better performances in both pursuit initiation and visual motion RT were observed for first-order motion, whereas second-order (theta motion) induced remarkable deficits in both variables. Furthermore, significant Pearson’s correlation and within-subjects correlation coefficients were obtained between visual motion RT and pursuit latency/acceleration. Our findings support the suggestion that there is a common neuronal pathway involved in both pursuit initiation and the speed of visual motion perception.

Nonlinear Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials Elicited by Color Stimulation

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Momose ◽  
K. Komiya ◽  
A. Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Visual Evoked Potentials ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perceived Color ◽  
Second Order Nonlinearity ◽  
Visual Evoked

Abstract:The relationship between chromatically modulated stimuli and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was considered. VEPs of normal subjects elicited by chromatically modulated stimuli were measured under several color adaptations, and their binary kernels were estimated. Up to the second-order, binary kernels obtained from VEPs were so characteristic that the VEP-chromatic modulation system showed second-order nonlinearity. First-order binary kernels depended on the color of the stimulus and adaptation, whereas second-order kernels showed almost no difference. This result indicates that the waveforms of first-order binary kernels reflect perceived color (hue). This supports the suggestion that kernels of VEPs include color responses, and could be used as a probe with which to examine the color visual system.

Imaginings

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Kelly James Clark
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
First Order ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Group Violence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

In Branden Thornhill-Miller and Peter Millican’s challenging and provocative essay, we hear a considerably longer, more scholarly and less melodic rendition of John Lennon’s catchy tune—without religion, or at least without first-order supernaturalisms (the kinds of religion we find in the world), there’d be significantly less intra-group violence. First-order supernaturalist beliefs, as defined by Thornhill-Miller and Peter Millican (hereafter M&M), are “beliefs that claim unique authority for some particular religious tradition in preference to all others” (3). According to M&M, first-order supernaturalist beliefs are exclusivist, dogmatic, empirically unsupported, and irrational. Moreover, again according to M&M, we have perfectly natural explanations of the causes that underlie such beliefs (they seem to conceive of such natural explanations as debunking explanations). They then make a case for second-order supernaturalism, “which maintains that the universe in general, and the religious sensitivities of humanity in particular, have been formed by supernatural powers working through natural processes” (3). Second-order supernaturalism is a kind of theism, more closely akin to deism than, say, Christianity or Buddhism. It is, as such, universal (according to contemporary psychology of religion), empirically supported (according to philosophy in the form of the Fine-Tuning Argument), and beneficial (and so justified pragmatically). With respect to its pragmatic value, second-order supernaturalism, according to M&M, gets the good(s) of religion (cooperation, trust, etc) without its bad(s) (conflict and violence). Second-order supernaturalism is thus rational (and possibly true) and inconducive to violence. In this paper, I will examine just one small but important part of M&M’s argument: the claim that (first-order) religion is a primary motivator of violence and that its elimination would eliminate or curtail a great deal of violence in the world. Imagine, they say, no religion, too.Janusz Salamon offers a friendly extension or clarification of M&M’s second-order theism, one that I think, with emendations, has promise. He argues that the core of first-order religions, the belief that Ultimate Reality is the Ultimate Good (agatheism), is rational (agreeing that their particular claims are not) and, if widely conceded and endorsed by adherents of first-order religions, would reduce conflict in the world.While I favor the virtue of intellectual humility endorsed in both papers, I will argue contra M&M that (a) belief in first-order religion is not a primary motivator of conflict and violence (and so eliminating first-order religion won’t reduce violence). Second, partly contra Salamon, who I think is half right (but not half wrong), I will argue that (b) the religious resources for compassion can and should come from within both the particular (often exclusivist) and the universal (agatheistic) aspects of religious beliefs. Finally, I will argue that (c) both are guilty, as I am, of the philosopher’s obsession with belief. 

Evidence for general base catalysis by protic solvents in a kinetic study of alcoholyses and hydrolyses of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions under both solvolytic and non-solvolytic conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Kevill ◽  
Byoung-Chun Park ◽  
Jin Burm Kyong
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Methoxy Derivative ◽  
First Order ◽  
General Base ◽  
Protic Solvents ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Pyridinium Ions

The kinetics of nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions, prepared with the essentially non-nucleophilic/non-basic fluoroborate as the counterion, have been studied using up to 1.60 M methanol in acetonitrile as solvent and under solvolytic conditions in 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-ol (TFE) and its mixtures with water. Under the non- solvolytic conditions, the parent and three pyridine-ring-substituted derivatives were studied. Both second-order (first-order in methanol) and third-order (second-order in methanol) kinetic contributions were observed. In the solvolysis studies, since solvent ionizing power values were almost constant over the range of aqueous TFE studied, a Grunwald–Winstein equation treatment of the specific rates of solvolysis for the parent and the 4-methoxy derivative could be carried out in terms of variations in solvent nucleophilicity, and an appreciable sensitivity to changes in solvent nucleophilicity was found.

Metaontology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uriah Kriegel
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Order Property ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Approximation

Brentano’s theory of judgment serves as a springboard for his conception of reality, indeed for his ontology. It does so, indirectly, by inspiring a very specific metaontology. To a first approximation, ontology is concerned with what exists, metaontology with what it means to say that something exists. So understood, metaontology has been dominated by three views: (i) existence as a substantive first-order property that some things have and some do not, (ii) existence as a formal first-order property that everything has, and (iii) existence as a second-order property of existents’ distinctive properties. Brentano offers a fourth and completely different approach to existence talk, however, one which falls naturally out of his theory of judgment. The purpose of this chapter is to present and motivate Brentano’s approach.

Categoricity and the sets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Button ◽  
Sean Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Logic ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Status ◽  
Second Order Logic ◽  
Philosophy Of Set Theory ◽  
Order Set

In this chapter, the focus shifts from numbers to sets. Again, no first-order set theory can hope to get anywhere near categoricity, but Zermelo famously proved the quasi-categoricity of second-order set theory. As in the previous chapter, we must ask who is entitled to invoke full second-order logic. That question is as subtle as before, and raises the same problem for moderate modelists. However, the quasi-categorical nature of Zermelo's Theorem gives rise to some specific questions concerning the aims of axiomatic set theories. Given the status of Zermelo's Theorem in the philosophy of set theory, we include a stand-alone proof of this theorem. We also prove a similar quasi-categoricity for Scott-Potter set theory, a theory which axiomatises the idea of an arbitrary stage of the iterative hierarchy.

Out-of-plane static compression and energy absorption of paper hierarchical corrugation sandwich panels

2021 ◽  
pp. 030932472110085
Author(s):  
Huineng Wang ◽  
Yanfeng Guo ◽  
Yungang Fu ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Compression Rate ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
First Order ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Analytical Approaches

This study introduces the opinion of the corrugation hierarchy to develop the second-order corrugation paperboard, and explore the deformation characteristics, yield strength, and energy absorbing capacity under out-of-plane static evenly compression loading by experimental and analytical approaches. On the basis of the inclined-straight strut elements of corrugation unit and plastic hinge lines, the yield and crushing strengths of corrugation unit were analyzed. This study shows that as the compressive stress increases, the second-order corrugation core layer is firstly crushed, and the first-order corrugation structures gradually compacted until the failure of entire structure. The corrugation type has an obvious influence on the yield strength of the corrugation sandwich panel, and the yield strength of B-flute corrugation sandwich panel is wholly higher than that of the C-flute structure. At the same compression rate, the flute type has a significant impact on energy absorption, and the C-flute second-order corrugation sandwich panel has better bearing capacity than the B-flute structure. The second-order corrugation sandwich panel has a better bearing capacity than the first-order structure. The static compression rate has little effect on the yield strength and deformation mode. However, with the increase of the static compression rate, the corrugation sandwich panel has a better cushioning energy absorption and material utilization rate.

scholarly journals Dynamic mechanical behaviors of epoxy resin/hollow polymeric microsphere composite foams under forced non-resonance and forced resonance

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 263498332110081
Author(s):  
Rui Li ◽  
Guisen Fan ◽  
Xiao Ouyang ◽  
Guojun Wang ◽  
Hao Wei
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Polymer Microspheres ◽  
Hollow Glass Microsphere ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
First Order ◽  
Composite Foams ◽  
Prepared Composite ◽  
Loss Factors

Composite foams with 10–50 vol% hollow polymeric microspheres were prepared using bisphenol A epoxy resin and polyetheramine curing agent as the matrix. The results demonstrated that the density, hardness, and static mechanical properties of the epoxy resin/hollow polymer microsphere composite foams, as well as their dynamic mechanical properties under forced non-resonance, were similar to those of polymer/hollow glass microsphere composite foams. At 25°C and under 1–100 Hz forced resonance, the first-order and second-order resonance frequencies of the composite foams shifted to the low-frequency region as the volume fraction of hollow polymer microspheres increased. Meanwhile, the first-order and second-order loss factors of the as-prepared composite foams were improved by 41.7% and 103.3%, respectively, compared with the pure epoxy resin. Additionally, the first-order and second-order loss factors of the as-prepared composite foams reached a maximum at 40 vol% and 30 vol% hollow polymer microspheres, respectively. This research helps us to expand the application range of composite foam materials in damping research.

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