scholarly journals Gene × environment interactions in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce F. Pennington ◽  
Lauren M. McGrath ◽  
Jenni Rosenberg ◽  
Holly Barnard ◽  
Shelley D. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Gene Environment

Reading disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the immune system

Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5212) ◽  
pp. 786-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Warren ◽  
J. Odell ◽  
W. Warren ◽  
R. Burger ◽  
A Maciulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Longitudinal Study of Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for Education

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik G. Willcutt ◽  
Rebecca S. Betjemann ◽  
Bruce F. Pennington ◽  
Richard K. Olson ◽  
John C. DeFries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Gene–environment interactions reexamined: Does mother's marital stability interact with the dopamine receptor D2 gene in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin D. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Gene Environment

AbstractPotential candidate Gene × Environment interactions in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are examined between the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) and putative family environmental risk factors that reflect mothers' marital stability. Specifically, interactions were tested between DRD2 and mothers' marital status, number of marriages or cohabiting relationships, and age at first marriage. Moderate relations were found among the marital stability measures, and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships (but not age at first marriage) were risk factors for their children's ADHD. All three mother's marital stability variables were associated with either the child's or mother's DRD2 genotypes. Gene × Environment interactions were found for children's ADHD diagnoses between children's DRD2 genotypes and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships. It is of interest that these interactions were strengthened with the progressive addition of sets of covariates intended to control for alternative causal pathways that represent background genetic and environmental context confounds. The present findings highlight the importance of considering both the nexus of putative environmental risk factors and whether their etiology and effects are truly environmental in future Gene × Environment interaction research.

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