The Brain Game: Does Neuroscience Research Change the Way We Practice?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Maroda
Keyword(s):  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

8. Retrospect of Mental Philosophy (Periodical Literature.)

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (113) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
B. F. C. Costelloe
Keyword(s):  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Emotional Language ◽  
Ordinary Power ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

The first number for the year is not remarkable for any paper of striking value. Readers of the Journal will be chiefly attracted by the long and clearly written resumé of Dr. Hughlings Jackson's recent studies “On Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain,” which is contributed by Mr. James Sully. He remarks on the great value of Dr. Jackson's attempts to classify the different forms of aphasia under the three main heads or stages of—(1) Defect of Speech, in which the patient has a full vocabulary, but confuses words; (2) Loss of Speech, in which the patient is practically speechless, and his pantomimic power is impaired as well; and (3) Loss of Language, in which, besides being speechless, he has altogether lost the power of pantomime, and even his faculty of emotional language is deeply involved in the wreck. All these states or stages again are, properly speaking, to be distinguished altogether from affections of speech in the way of loss of articulation (owing to paralysis of the tongue, &c.), or loss of vocalisation (owing to disease of the larynx); whereas the three degrees or stages of aphasia proper are due to a deep-seated and severe disorganisation of the brain. The main interest of the theory lies in the ingenious and carefully-argued analysis of the symptoms, by which Dr. Jackson arrives at the theory that as the process of destruction goes on, the superior “layers” or strata of speech fail first—those namely which involve the ordinary power of adapting sounds to the circumstances of the moment as they arise; after them fail the “more highly organized utterances” those, namely, which have in any way become automatic, such as “come on,” “wo! wo!” and even “yes” and “no,” which stand on the border-line between emotional and intellectual language; next fails the power of adapting other than vocal signs to convey an intended meaning, which is called, rather clumsily, “pantomimic propositionising;” and last of all dies out the power of uttering sounds or making signs expressive merely of emotion—a power which, of course, is not true speech at all.

scholarly journals Inferring brain-computational mechanisms with models of activity measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1705) ◽  
pp. 20160278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Kriegeskorte ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Visual Object Recognition ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

High-resolution functional imaging is providing increasingly rich measurements of brain activity in animals and humans. A major challenge is to leverage such data to gain insight into the brain's computational mechanisms. The first step is to define candidate brain-computational models (BCMs) that can perform the behavioural task in question. We would then like to infer which of the candidate BCMs best accounts for measured brain-activity data. Here we describe a method that complements each BCM by a measurement model (MM), which simulates the way the brain-activity measurements reflect neuronal activity (e.g. local averaging in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) voxels or sparse sampling in array recordings). The resulting generative model (BCM-MM) produces simulated measurements. To avoid having to fit the MM to predict each individual measurement channel of the brain-activity data, we compare the measured and predicted data at the level of summary statistics. We describe a novel particular implementation of this approach, called probabilistic representational similarity analysis (pRSA) with MMs, which uses representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs) as the summary statistics. We validate this method by simulations of fMRI measurements (locally averaging voxels) based on a deep convolutional neural network for visual object recognition. Results indicate that the way the measurements sample the activity patterns strongly affects the apparent representational dissimilarities. However, modelling of the measurement process can account for these effects, and different BCMs remain distinguishable even under substantial noise. The pRSA method enables us to perform Bayesian inference on the set of BCMs and to recognize the data-generating model in each case. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.

Krešimir Krnjević (1927–2021) and GABAergic inhibition: a lifetime dedication

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Yehezkel Ben-Ari ◽  
Enrico Cherubini ◽  
Massimo Avoli
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gabaergic Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Personal Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

After over seven decades of neuroscience research, it is now well established that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. In this paper dedicated to Krešimir Krnjević (1927–2021), a pioneer and leader in neuroscience, we briefly highlight the fundamental contributions he made in identifying GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and our personal interactions with him. Of note, between 1972 and 1978 Dr. Krnjević was a highly reputed Chief Editor of the Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.

Endovascular Advances for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Neurosurgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S74-S82 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Webster Crowley ◽  
Andrew F. Ducruet ◽  
Cameron G. McDougall ◽  
Felipe C. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Endovascular Treatment ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Brain Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cerebral Avms ◽  
Brain Avms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain represent unique challenges for treating physicians. Although these lesions have traditionally been treated with surgical resection alone, advancements in endovascular and radiosurgical therapies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients harboring brain AVMs. Perhaps no subspecialty within neurosurgery has seen as many advancements over a relatively short period of time as the endovascular field. A number of these endovascular innovations have been designed primarily for cerebral AVMs, and even those advancements that are not particular to AVMs have resulted in substantial changes to the way cerebral AVMs are treated. These advancements have enabled the embolization of cerebral AVMs to be performed either as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with surgery or radiosurgery. Perhaps nothing has impacted the treatment of brain AVMs as substantially as the development of liquid embolics, most notably Onyx and n-butyl cyanoacrylate. However, of near-equal impact has been the innovations seen in the catheters that help deliver the liquid embolics to the AVMs. These developments include flow-directed catheters, balloon-tipped catheters, detachable-tipped catheters, and distal access catheters. This article aims to review some of the more substantial advancements in the endovascular treatment of brain AVMs and to discuss the literature surrounding the expanding indications for endovascular treatment of these lesions.

scholarly journals The P600 for singular “they”: How the brain reacts when John decides to treat themselves to sushi.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grusha Prasad ◽  
Joanna Morris
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Binary Gender ◽  
The Way

There has been increased awareness that individuals need not have a binary gender identity (i.e., male or female), but rather, gender identities exist on a spectrum. With this increased awareness, there has also been an increase in the use of they as a singular pronoun when referring to individuals with a non-binary gender identity. Has the processing of singular they changed along with a change in its usage? Previous studies have demonstrated that sentences in which they is co-indexed with singular antecedents, are judged acceptable and are easy to process, but only if the antecedents are non-referential and/or have ambiguous gender; co-indexing they with referential antecedents with unambiguous gender (e.g., Mary) results in lower acceptability ratings and greater processing effort. We investigated whether participants who frequently interacted with individuals with a non-binary gender identity and/or identified as having a non-binary gender themselves would process sentences in which themselves was co-indexed with singular antecedents similarly. We found a significant P600 effect for sentences in which themselves was co-indexed with singular referential antecedents with unambiguous gender, but failed to find a P600 effect when the antecedents were non-referential and/or had an ambiguous gender. This pattern of results is consistent with behavioural results from previous studies, suggesting that the change in the usage of singular they has not resulted in a corresponding change in the way in which this pronoun is processed.

scholarly journals The brain as a fundamental axis in learning process

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Luis Raul Meza Mendoza ◽  
María Elena Moya Martinez ◽  
Angelica Maria Sabando Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Traditional Scheme ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Learning Schemes ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
The Way

Since the beginning of humanity, an attempt has been made to explain the way in which man acquires knowledge, the way in which he assimilates, processes and executes it in order to develop the teaching-learning process that people need throughout of his life, which forces to change the learning schemes using new study methodologies, such as neuroscience, which is a discipline that studies the functioning of the brain, the relationship of neurons to the formation of synapses creating immediate responses which transmits to the body voluntarily and involuntarily, in addition to controlling the central and peripheral nervous system with their respective functions. It is necessary to change the traditional scheme and implement new strategies that allow the teacher to venture into neuroscience, in order to individually understand the different learning processes that students do. As some authors of neuroscience say, the brain performs processes of acquisition, storage and evocation of information, which form new knowledge schemes that generate changes in the attitude of the human being, for this reason teachers are responsible for taking advantage of what It is known about the multiple functions of the brain and be clear about the various ways of acquiring knowledge.

The Origins of Music and of Tonal Languages

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-244
Author(s):  
Robert C. Ehle
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Musical Emotion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

This chapter offers the author's theory of the origins of music in ancient primates a million years ago, and what music would have sounded like. Origins of nasal and tone languages and the anatomy of larynx is discussed, and then a hypothesis is presented that these creatures would fashioned a tone language. They had absolute pitch that allowed them to recognize other voices, to read each other's emotions from the sounds they made with their voices, and to convey over long distances specific information about strategies, meeting places, etc. Having an acute sense of pitch, they would have sung, essentially using tonal language for aesthetic and subjective purposes. Thus, they would have invented music. Then the physicality of the human (or hominid) voice is discussed and the way an absolute pitch can be acquired, as the musicality still lies in the vocalisms it expresses. The reason for this is that music is actually contained in the way the brain works, and the ear and the voice are parts of this system. The final part discusses the origins of musical emotion as the case for imprinting in the perinatal period.

The Psychology of Satire

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Dannagal Goldthwaite Young
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Deep Dive ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Chapter 4 explores the internal structure and logic of satire, offering a deep dive into how satire and irony are comprehended and appreciated in the brain. Using various examples, the chapter unpacks, step by step, the way humor is processed by audience members. It defines the concepts of satire and irony and explores the cognitive complexity of these unique forms of humor, offering several competing theories to account for how and why they reduce the level of counterargumentation by audience members. The chapter also considers recent research on the impact of humor on affect and cognition, in particular how humor might affect persuasion.

4. Sensation

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-75
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sensory System ◽  
Physiological Process ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines sensation, which is a catch-all term for monitoring any state and feeding it into a physiological process. When people talk of their ‘senses’ they usually mean the five senses by which they consciously monitor features of the outside world. These senses—vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch—provide rich flows of information and most make use of specialized organs. In all five cases, the sensory system combines two functions: measurement of a stimulus and encoding it in a way that can be transmitted via a nerve into the brain. In addition, the brain may signal back to the sensing system to modulate the way that it works.

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