Motor learning—Trial and error type.

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
William Henry Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Trial ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Error Type

Anatomy of Motor Learning. II. Subcortical Structures and Learning by Trial and Error

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1325-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jueptner ◽  
C. D. Frith ◽  
D. J. Brooks ◽  
R.S.J. Frackowiak ◽  
R. E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Learning Condition ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
New Learning

Jueptner, M., C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. Anatomy of motor learning. II. Subcortical structures and learning by trial and error. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1325–1337, 1997. We used positron emission tomography to study motor learning by trial and error. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements. Tones generated by a computer told the subjects whether any particular move was correct or incorrect. A control condition was used in which the subjects generated moves, but there was no feeback to indicate success or failure, and so no learning occured. In this condition (free selection) the subjects were required to make a finger movement on each trial and to vary the movements randomly over trials. The subjects had a free choice of which finger to move on any one trial. On this task there was no systematic change in responses over trials and no change in the response times. Two other conditions were included. In one the subjects repetitively moved the same finger on all trials and in a baseline condition the subjects heard the pacing tones and auditory feedback but made no movements. Comparing new learning with the free selection task, there was a small activation in the right prefrontal cortex. This may reflect the fact that in new learning, but not free selection, the subjects rehearse past moves and adapt their responses accordingly. The caudate nucleus was strongly activated during new learning. It is suggested that this activity may be related either to mental rehearsal or to reinforcement of the movements as a consequence of the outcomes. The putamen was activated anteriorly on the free selection task and more posteriorly when the subjects repetitively made the same movement. It is suggested that the differences in the location of the peak activation in the striatum may represent the operation of different corticostriatal loops. The cerebellar nuclei (bilaterally) and vermis were more active in the new learning condition than during the performance of the free selection task. There was no difference in the activation of the cerebellum when the free selection task was compared with repetitive performance of the same movement. We tentatively suggest that the basal ganglia may be involved in the specification of movement on the basis of memory of either the movements or the outcomes, but that the cerebellum may be more directly involved in changes in the parameters of movement execution.

Social Learning, Trial-and-Error, and Creativity

2013 ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Takahashi ◽  
Ayaka Hatano ◽  
Misato Inaba ◽  
Ryoichi Onoda ◽  
Dora Simunovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Trial ◽  
Trial And Error

Design Comments and Experimental Results for Cavitation-Resistant Inducers up to 40,000 Suction Specific Speed

1964 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-180
Author(s):  
M. K. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cavitation Resistance ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Error Type ◽  
General Correlation ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Specific Speed

General geometric design considerations for cavitation resistant inducers are discussed, particularly those related to the “trial and error” type not covered by the textbook approach. A general correlation of four dimensionless cavitation parameters is developed. Experimental data for typical rocket engine pumps are given where suction specific speed values up to 40,000 are obtained. Finally, several schemes are given for augmenting the cavitation resistance.

An Integrated Approach for the Structural Reliability Evaluation of Fast Breeder Reactor Components

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai Asayama ◽  
Nobuchika Kawasaki ◽  
Masaki Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Linear Formulation ◽  
Fast Breeder Reactor ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Fast Breeder Reactors ◽  
Breeder Reactors

For the improvement of structural design of fast breeder reactors, a new method for the optimization of structural reliability is proposed. This method approximates failure probability of a component by a linear formulation of various design variables. The formulation is obtained by a theoretical calculation extended by numerical considerations based on Monte Carlo simulation. This method allows a designer to optimize reliability without trial-and-error type calculations.

scholarly journals The applied ability in infant crawling and the importance of prone motor experience for subsequent development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimpei Yamamoto ◽  
Yeonghee Lee ◽  
Umi Matsumura ◽  
Toshiya Tsurusaki
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: In the process of motor learning in human, many movement patterns, that is, many variations, are tried first, and more efficient movements come to be selected based on experience of trial and error. Although this process for selection (i.e., variability) is particularly active in infancy neurodevelopment and motor development, few studies have explored the variation / variability of infant crawling.Aims: The first is to investigate the difference in the variability of hands-knees crawling between typically developing infants with and without belly crawling experience. The second is to examine the relationship between development after 2 years of age and crawling variability.Study design: This study was longitudinal. Crawling variability was evaluated by encoding crawling variation in infants not pointed out neurological or orthopedic problems. We investigated the differences in the quantity and content of hands-knees crawling variation between infants with and without belly crawling experience. Further, we retrospectively explored the difference in the whole quantity of crawling variation during both belly and hands-knees crawling stages between two groups, suspicious and normal in DENVER Ⅱ conducted after 2 years of age.Results: The quantity of hands-knees crawling variation was significantly smaller in the group with belly crawling experience than the group without the experience. On the other hand, the content of hands-knees crawling variation was almost the same between these two groups. In addition, there was a significant difference in the whole quantity of crawling variation between the suspicious and the normal group.Conclusions: The current study shows that infants improve the learning efficiency and variability of hands-knees crawling movements by applying skills acquired through belly crawling experience, which provides one interpretation of the importance of sensorimotor experience in the prone position in infancy. Furthermore, this study suggests a link between crawling variability and subsequent development.

Trial and Error: Using Previous Experiences as Simulation Models in Humanoid Motor Learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norikazu Sugimoto ◽  
Voot Tangkaratt ◽  
Thijs Wensveen ◽  
Tingting Zhao ◽  
Masashi Sugiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Trial And Error

A matter of trial and error for motor learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 465-466
Author(s):  
Dominique L. Pritchett ◽  
Megan R. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Trial And Error

Perceptual Characteristics of Consonant Production in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Bislick ◽  
William D. Hula
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Contextual Variables ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Type Distribution ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Syllable Position

Purpose This retrospective analysis examined group differences in error rate across 4 contextual variables (clusters vs. singletons, syllable position, number of syllables, and articulatory phonetic features) in adults with apraxia of speech (AOS) and adults with aphasia only. Group differences in the distribution of error type across contextual variables were also examined. Method Ten individuals with acquired AOS and aphasia and 11 individuals with aphasia participated in this study. In the context of a 2-group experimental design, the influence of 4 contextual variables on error rate and error type distribution was examined via repetition of 29 multisyllabic words. Error rates were analyzed using Bayesian methods, whereas distribution of error type was examined via descriptive statistics. Results There were 4 findings of robust differences between the 2 groups. These differences were found for syllable position, number of syllables, manner of articulation, and voicing. Group differences were less robust for clusters versus singletons and place of articulation. Results of error type distribution show a high proportion of distortion and substitution errors in speakers with AOS and a high proportion of substitution and omission errors in speakers with aphasia. Conclusion Findings add to the continued effort to improve the understanding and assessment of AOS and aphasia. Several contextual variables more consistently influenced breakdown in participants with AOS compared to participants with aphasia and should be considered during the diagnostic process. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9701690

Motor Learning: Is It Time to Go Beyond “How?”

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-241
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Corcos
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning
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