Elements of the nervous structure.

2006 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
George Trumbull Ladd ◽  
Robert Sessions Woodworth
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Structure

IV. Postscript to a paper “On the ganglia and nerves of the heart.”

1849 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 47-48
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Posterior Surface ◽  
Anterior Surface ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Nervous Structure

Since the communication above referred to was presented to the Royal Society, I have made a very minute dissection in alcohol of the whole nervous system of the young heifer’s heart. The distribution of the ganglia and nerves over the entire surface of the heart, and the relations of these structures to the blood-vessels and muscular substance, are far more fully displayed in these preparations than in any of my former dissections. On the anterior surface, there are distinctly visible to the naked eye ninety ganglia or ganglionic enlargements on the nerves, which pass obliquely across the arteries and the muscular fibres of the ventricles from their base to the apex. These ganglionic enlargements are observed on the nerves, not only where they are crossing the arteries, but where they are ramifying on the muscular substance without the blood-vessels. On the posterior surface, the principal branches of the coronary arteries plunge into the muscular substance of the heart near the base, and many nerves with ganglia accompany them throughout the walls to the lining membrane and columnse carneæ. From the sudden disappearance of the chief branches of the coronary arteries on the posterior surface, the nervous structure distributed over a consider­ able portion of the left ventricle is completely isolated from the blood-vessels, and on these, numerous ganglionic enlargements are likewise observed, but smaller in size than the chains of ganglia formed over the blood-vessels on the anterior surface of the heart. In the accompanying beautiful drawings, Mr. West has depicted with the greatest accuracy and minuteness the whole nervous structures demon­strable in these preparations on the surface of the heart. But the ganglia and nerves represented in these drawings constitute only a small portion of the nervous system of the heart, numerous ganglia being formed in the walls of the heart which no artist can represent. It can be clearly demonstrated that every artery distributed throughout the walls of the Uterus and Heart, and every muscular fasciculus of these organs, is supplied with nerves upon which ganglia are formed.

scholarly journals Re-evaluation of the distributions of dystrophin and utrophin in sciatic nerve

1995 ◽  
Vol 312 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Fabbrizio ◽  
J Latouche ◽  
F Rivier ◽  
G Hugon ◽  
D Mornet
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
Chromosome 6Q24 ◽  
Dmd Gene ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

Differential expression of proteins belonging to the dystrophin family was analysed in peripheral nerves. In agreement with previous reports, no full-size dystrophin was detectable, only Dp116, one of the short dystrophin products of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene. We used specific monoclonal antibodies to fully investigate the presence of utrophin, a dystrophin homologue encoded by a gene located on chromosome 6q24. Evidence is presented here of the presence of two potential isoforms of full-length utrophin in different nerve structures, which may differ by alternative splicing of the 3′-terminal part of the utrophin gene according to the specificities of the monoclonal antiobodies used. One full-length utrophin was co-localized with Dp116 in the sheath around each separate Schwann cell-axon unit, but the other utrophin isoform was found to be perineurium-specific. We also highlighted a potential 80 kDa utrophin-related protein. The utrophin distribution in peripheral nerves was re-evaluated and utrophin isoforms were detected at the protein level. This preliminary indication will require more concrete molecular evidence to confirm the presence of these two utrophin isoforms as well as the potential 80 kDa utrophin isoform, but the results strongly suggest that each isoform must have a specialized role and function within each specific nervous structure.

The nervous structure of the annelid ganglion

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Smallwood
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Structure

scholarly journals Some Notes on the Study of Insanity

1906 ◽  
Vol 52 (216) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
F. Graham Crookshank
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
The One

“The evidence … so strong that the relations of mind and nervous structure are such that the cessation of the one accompanies dissolution of the other, while … with death there lapses both the consciousness of existence and the consciousness of having existed.”

The shaping of animals’ minds

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie H. Salwiczek ◽  
Wolfgang Wickler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rules ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
External Stimuli

Mind is seen as a collection of abilities to take decisions in biologically relevant situations. Mind shaping means to form habits and decision rules of how to proceed in a given situation. Problem-specific decision rules constitute a modular mind; adaptive mind-shaping is likely to be module-specific. We present examples from different behaviour ‘faculties’ throughout the animal kingdom, grouped according to important mind-shaping factors to illustrate three basically different mind-shaping processes: (I) external stimuli guide the differentiation of a nervous structure that controls a given behaviour; (II) information comes in to direct a fixed behaviour pattern to its biological goal, or to complete an inherited behaviour program; (III) specific stimuli activate or inactivate a pre-programmed behaviour. Mind-shaping phenomena found in the animal kingdom are suggested as ‘null-hypotheses’ when looking at how human minds might be shaped.

Pearls and pitfalls: Electrophysiology for primary headaches

Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 526-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Magis ◽  
Alessandro Vigano ◽  
Simona Sava ◽  
Tullia Sasso d’Elia ◽  
Jean Schoenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Primary Headaches ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Type Headache

Background Primary headaches are functional neurological diseases characterized by a dynamic cyclic pattern over time (ictal/pre-/interictal). Electrophysiological recordings can non-invasively assess the activity of an underlying nervous structure or measure its response to various stimuli, and are therefore particularly appropriate for the study of primary headaches. Their interest, however, is chiefly pathophysiological, as interindividual, and to some extent intraindividual, variations preclude their use as diagnostic tools. Aim of the work This article will review the most important findings of electrophysiological studies in primary headache pathophysiology, especially migraine on which numerous studies have been published. Results In migraine, the most reproducible hallmark is the interictal lack of neuronal habituation to the repetition of various types of sensory stimulations. The mechanism subtending this phenomenon remains uncertain, but it could be the consequence of a thalamocortical dysrythmia that results in a reduced cortical preactivation level. In tension-type headache as well as in cluster headache, there seems to be an impairment of central pain-controlling mechanisms but the studies are scarce and their outcomes are contradictory. The discrepancies between studies might be as a result of methodological differences as well as patients’ dissimilarities, which are also discussed. Conclusions and perspectives Electrophysiology is complementary to functional neuroimaging and will undoubtedly remain an important tool in headache research. One of its upcoming applications is to help select neurostimulation techniques and protocols that correct best the functional abnormalities detectable in certain headache disorders.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy: Anatomic considerations

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-231
Author(s):  
S. Rocca Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Pelvic Lymphadenectomy ◽  
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus ◽  
The Real ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
Hypogastric Plexus ◽  
Urologic Malignancy ◽  
Clinically Significant

The real significance of pelvic lymphadenectomy, cure or staging, is still unknown. The morbility of this procedure is surely proportional to the extension of lymph node ablation. Bleeding, intraoperative lesions of nervous structure (lumbo-sacral trunk) post-operative lymphocele, but also lesion of the inferior hypogastric plexus and pelvic branches are more frequent in the case of extended (all the hypogastric and pre-sacral lymph nodes) than limited procedures. Therefore pelvic lymphadenectomy in the case of urologic malignancy is obviously incomplete. Nevertheless the incidence of recurrences in the remaining lymphatic structure is neither high nor clinically significant an therefore the indication for limited procedures is reinforced.

Exploration of selected brachial plexus lesions by the posterior subscapular approach

1978 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 872-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Kline ◽  
Joseph Kott ◽  
George Barnes ◽  
Lester Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Anterior Chest Wall ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nervous Structure ◽  
First Rib ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The application of an old surgical technique, previously employed for treatment of thoracic outlet syndromes, to lesions of the brachial plexus is discussed. Positioning of the patient, the surgical procedure, and selected indications for a posterior subscapular approach with resection of the first rib are discussed. The indications for the use of this approach are: proximal plexus lesions involving roots and/or trunks believed to be repairable, complicated thoracic outlet syndromes, prior anterior exploration for vascular or nervous structure disease, and progressive plexus palsy associated with damage to the soft tissue of the anterior chest wall and supraclavicular regions secondary to irradiation. The authors' experience to date with 12 such cases is presented in chart form, while five cases are presented in some detail.

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