Cognitive and social processes in decision making.

2004 ◽  
pp. 308-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid Hastie ◽  
Nancy Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Processes

Ethics for Complex Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Real World ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Causal Models ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Evidence Collection

This chapter argues that the scale of the challenge posed by external validity requires a similarly sizeable response. Not only should practitioners approach evidence collection and interventions in policy differently, but philosophers should also change the way they conceive of ethics. The default should no longer be to start from simplistic causal models or thought experiments, while being dimly aware that these approaches will exclude some features that would be relevant for real-world decision-making. Rather, both practitioners and philosophers should start from the premise that social processes are complex systems. Moreover, complex systems are in important aspects performative: for example, what counts as a breach of trust, or a violation of privacy, is not something that can be discovered once and for all, but is partly constituted by social norms and individual expectations, which will themselves change in response to government action.

scholarly journals Back to the Shop Floor: Behavioural Insights from Workplace Sociology

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Pendleton ◽  
Ben Lupton ◽  
Andrew Rowe ◽  
Richard Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Behavioural Insights ◽  
Pay Incentives ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Worker Behaviour

This article compares insights into decision-making and behaviour developed by Kahneman and Tversky in behavioural economics with the main findings from studies of pay incentives in workplace sociology in the middle decades of the 20th century. The article shows how many of the insights offered by behavioural economists, such as loss aversion, were anticipated and considered by the workplace sociologists. It is argued that the sociological studies offer deeper and more convincing accounts of worker behaviour through a better understanding of the role of social structure, context, and social processes in framing and influencing action.

scholarly journals Information Sharing and Decision-Making: Attempts by Ghanaian Return Migrants to Enter through Libya

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-234
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Koomson-Yalley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between irregular migration, access to information and migration decisions. Using semi-structured interviews of thirty irregular return migrants who failed to reach their European destinations through Libya, I show that irregular return migrants from Ghana rely predominantly on interpersonal sources, including colleagues, neighbors, friends and relatives, for information on migration. Return migrants seek information from those who have relevant experience with that kind of migration. Existing research focuses on information from ‘formal’ sources such as traditional print media, social media, library or workshops. Here I argue that this focus on access to information conceals the activities and practices of irregular return migrants who perceive European destinations as ‘greener pastures’ and seek information to travel through dangerous routes. Most irregular return migrants interviewed in this study indicated they had access to information from ‘informal’ sources often shared as ‘jokes.’ Although irregular return migrants perceive the information they gather through their everyday activities as reliable, their interactions involve complex and unstructured social processes.

The Individual Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Summers ◽  
Rob T. Guerette
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Environmental Criminology ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Individual Activity ◽  
Journey To Crime ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Perspective

This chapter considers how offenders and victims make use of space and how variations in their patterns of movement influence the occurrence of crime. It examines examples of individual offender decision-making, such as how past experience informs future decisions (both legitimate and illegal), and how individual activity patterns can influence the broader social processes that take place within the environment. It begins with an exploration of the fundamental theoretical frameworks upon which environmental criminology is based. It then discusses how these frameworks inform various aspects of our endeavor to understand crime, the particular benefits of each theoretical approach, and how they complement and contrast with one another. Particular emphasis is placed on how potential offenders, victims, and others use space, and how this impacts upon crime patterns. This is followed by discussions of specific areas related to offender mobility, namely the journey to crime and displacement.

Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fire Services ◽  
Insight Into

Globalization has played a transformative role with respect to social processes filtering from the global into the realm of the local. Governance and its modalities within globalization are highlighted and crisis elements are deconstructed leading to a discussion on key crisis “moments” within Jamaica's history, which together create the context from which the Public Sector Memorandum of Understanding Agreement or “MOU” social partnership emerged. The fragility of the Jamaican macroeconomy and key catalysts that precipitated the negotiations are examined as well as insight into issues of governance driving the decision making of the partners. A synopsis of the Public Sector Memorandum of Understanding or “MOU,” namely, the principles, provisions, and areas of restraint, as well as specific measures in the areas of health, education, and fire services managed by local government, is highlighted. Social partnership emerges as a governance response to crisis.

scholarly journals Groups, social processes and decision making in finance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Preda ◽  
Gulnur Muradoglu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to investigate a double puzzle, empirical and theoretical. Empirically, can the authors document the influence of groups on financial decisions in investments and trading? Theoretically, if decisions in a group context can be documented, how can we account for them, against the background of the normative models, according to which financial decisions are individualized and atomized? Based on interviews and ethnographic observations with fund managers, analysts and traders, the authors document here decision-making in finance. Theoretically, the authors argue that financial decisions can be explained if, in addition to cognitive processes, the authors take into account the impact of social interactions on the decision-making process. Social interactions are not restricted to imitation processes, and can be seen here as the efforts deployed by decision-makers at maintaining and managing the context of their decisions. The authors present and discuss empirical evidence and argue that the study of social interactions can productively contribute to understanding how decisions are made in finance. Design/methodology/approach The data analyzed here have been gathered between 2001 and 2011, and include: interviews with investment professionals (fund managers and analysts) from the UK and Turkey; interviews with individual investors from the UK and the USA; and observations with individual investors from the UK and the USA. This captures decision activities conducted in different regulatory frameworks of those countries. The authors focussed in the interviews on general decision-making practices. Findings Conclusion the authors have sought to answer a double puzzle, empirical and theoretical. Empirically, the puzzle is how investors and traders resort to groups in their decision-making. Theoretically, the puzzle consists not only in providing an explanation for such processes but also in taking into account that they do not fit the normative models of decisions in mainstream finance. The argument has been that in addition to the cognitive processes identified and discussed in behavioural finance, the authors need to take into account the impact of social processes as well. Social processes include the efforts deployed by financial decision-makers at maintaining and managing the contexts within which decisions are made. The work of context maintenance is intrinsic to the logic of decision-making. The authors have identified, documented and discussed here the social dynamics in financial decisions with respect to performance, managing group relationships and possible conflicts. Originality/value Managing relationships within groups is not without consequences with regard to trading decisions. Oftentimes, avoiding group conflicts – or being confronted with them – leads to decisional adjustments, which have less to do with returns on trades than with the necessity of accommodating social relationships. As several of the interviewees emphasized, making decisions implies consensus and reaching consensus requires accommodating relationships.

scholarly journals How heuristics and cognitive biases affect vaccination decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Mendes Luz ◽  
Paulo Nadanovsky ◽  
Julie Leask
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Parental Compliance ◽  
Vaccination Decision

Abstract: Immunization, the most successful public health intervention to date, can only be effective if eligible individuals or their legal representatives have access to vaccines and subsequently comply with their use. Under-vaccination stems from multiple causes: access, affordability, awareness, acceptance and activation. In this paper, we focus on acceptance and, specifically, on factors pertaining to individual or parental compliance, specifically the psychology of judgment and decision making. We describe how heuristics and cognitive biases - a facet of thoughts and feelings - affect vaccination decision making. Additionally, we address when and how social processes play a role and how attitudes towards vaccines might reflect a more general underlying attitude or ideology. The understanding of how decision making, with regards to vaccines occurs, and the role played by heuristics and cognitive biases can help inform more appropriate public health interventions.

Cognitive Social Simulation for Policy Making

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Sun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Simulation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Individual

Cognitive social simulation is at the intersection of cognitive modeling and social simulation, two forms of computer-based, quantitative modeling and understanding. Cognitive modeling centers on producing precise computational or mathematical models of mental processes (such as human reasoning or decision making), while social simulation focuses on precise models of social processes (such as group discussion or collective decision making). By combining cognitive and social models, cognitive social simulation is poised to address issues concerning both individual and social processes. To better anticipate the implications of policies, detailed simulation enables precise analysis of possible scenarios and outcomes. Thus, cognitive social simulation will have practical applications in relation to policy making in many areas that require understanding at both the individual and the aggregate level.

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