Vulnerability Factors of Psychopathology Across the Life Span

That life stress precipitates depression is one of the most replicated findings in psychiatric research, but prior to Brown and Harris’s seminal contributions, insufficiently rigorous methods led to underestimates of the effects of stress and threatened the field. This chapter provides a methodological and historical overview, followed by a review of evidence that recent stress predicts depression across the life span. It also examines demographic vulnerability factors and research on early adversity and depression, closing with future directions. Two themes manifest throughout. First, stress assessment that uses investigator-rated severity, accounts for severity, establishes temporal precedence, and isolates the few months prior to depression onset remains critical to progress. Second, identifying the most potent forms of stress for depression is a key question that will facilitate both preventive/intervention efforts and more powerful tests in mechanistic research. Although evidence points to interpersonal forms of stress, few studies provide the necessary direct tests.

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The relationship between social vulnerability and the occurrence of severely threatening life events

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700013337 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lorna Champion

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Life Span ◽

Life Events ◽

Social Vulnerability ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Developmental Perspective ◽

Vulnerability Factors ◽

The Face ◽

The Relationship

SYNOPSISResearch on the role of life events in the onset of depression has suggested that certain vulnerability factors can increase the risk of disorder in the face of a threatening event. The role of vulnerability factors to increase the likelihood of severs events occurring in the first place has remained largelu unexplored. The vulnerability factor which has received the most attention is a lack of social support, particularly lack of a confiding relationship with a husband for women. A reanalysis of a number of published studies is undertaken; this shows that there is a positive relationship between lack of intimacy and the occurrence of adversity. The implications of this finding are briefly discussed, with emphasis on the need for a life-span developmental perspective in future life events research.

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Continuum of Care Following Sports-Related Concussion

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 1389-1403

Author(s):

Jessica Brown ◽

Kelly Knollman-Porter

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Life Span ◽

Sports Injuries ◽

Continuum Of Care ◽

Medical Professional ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

History Of ◽

Injury Reporting

Purpose Although guidelines have changed regarding federally mandated concussion practices since their inception, little is known regarding the implementation of such guidelines and the resultant continuum of care for youth athletes participating in recreational or organized sports who incur concussions. Furthermore, data regarding the role of speech-language pathologists in the historic postconcussion care are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the experiences of young adults with history of sports-related concussion as it related to injury reporting and received follow-up care. Method Participants included 13 young adults with history of at least one sports-related concussion across their life span. We implemented a mixed-methods design to collect both quantitative and qualitative information through structured interviews. Participants reported experiencing 42 concussions across the life span—26 subsequent to sports injuries. Results Twenty-three concussions were reported to a parent or medical professional, 14 resulted in a formal diagnosis, and participants received initial medical care for only 10 of the incidents and treatment or services on only two occasions. Participants reported concussions to an athletic trainer least frequently and to parents most frequently. Participants commented that previous experience with concussion reduced the need for seeking treatment or that they were unaware treatments or supports existed postconcussion. Only one concussion incident resulted in the care from a speech-language pathologist. Conclusion The results of the study reported herein shed light on the fidelity of sports-related concussion care management across time. Subsequently, we suggest guidelines related to continuum of care from injury to individualized therapy.

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Knowledge and Skills Needed by Speech-Language Pathologists for Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders Across the Life Span

10.1044/policy.ks2006-00075 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽

Life Span ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

Assessment And Treatment ◽

Spectrum Disorders

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Tumorigenesis in High-Dose Total Body Irradiated Rhesus Monkeys--A Life Span Study

Toxicologic Pathology ◽

10.1080/01926230309805 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 209-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Carel F. Hollander ◽

Chris Zurcher ◽

Johan J. Broerse

Keyword(s):

Life Span ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

High Dose ◽

Life Span Study ◽

Total Body

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Conflict Monitoring Across the Life Span

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 124-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniela Czernochowski

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Life Span ◽

Age Groups ◽

Conflict Detection ◽

Response Conflict ◽

Conflict Monitoring ◽

Subsequent Performance ◽

Additional Control ◽

Performance Response ◽

Conflict Detection And Resolution

Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.

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