Multifactorial causation of behavior: A fact of psychology.

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Glenn Geher
Keyword(s):  
Multifactorial Causation

scholarly journals The Role of Tobacco-Derived Carcinogens in Pancreas Cancer

ISRN Oncology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Lochan ◽  
Helen L. Reeves ◽  
Anne K. Daly ◽  
Richard M. Charnley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pancreas Cancer ◽  
Hereditary Diseases ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Carcinogens ◽  
Multifactorial Causation ◽  
Tobacco Usage ◽  
Do So

The extremely poor outcome from pancreas cancer is well known. However, its aetiology less well appreciated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Tobacco usage is one of the strongest risk factors for this disease, and this is a completely avoidable hazard. In addition, there are well described hereditary diseases which predispose, and familial pancreas cancer. We have sought here to summarise the role of tobacco-derived carcinogens and the mode of their tumorigenic action on the pancreas. There is compelling evidence from animal and human studies (laboratory including cell line studies and epidemiologic) that tobacco derived carcinogens cause pancreas cancer. However, the manner in which they do so is not entirely apparent. There is also compelling evidence that synergism with genetic and other life-style factors—like diet obesity—results in a multifactorial causation of the disease. Ascertaining the role of tobacco carcinogens in the development of this cancer and their interaction with other risk factors will enable novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to improve outcome from this appalling malignancy.

scholarly journals Recruitment of a coral reef fish: roles of settlement, habitat, and postsettlement losses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Thalassoma Hardwicke ◽  
Multifactorial Causation

Multiple processes typically influence patterns of abundance. Despite this widely accepted view, many studies continue to approach ecological questions from a single-factor, or, at most, a two-factor perspective. Here, I evaluate the consequences of considering, separately and jointly, the effects of three factors (larval settlement, reef resources, and postsettlement losses) on spatial patterns of abundance of a marine reef fish, the six bar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke). Using correlational methods commonly employed in single-factor studies, I show that local patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse could be attributed entirely to either (1) patterns of abundance of settlement habitat, or (2) patterns of larval settlement. This result occurred because habitat and presumed larval delivery covaried in space. I manipulated abundance of settlement habitat in a field experiment to uncouple this covariation and found subsequent settlement to be simultaneously influenced by both factors. However, joint effects of habitat and settlement failed to account for patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse without also considering a third factor - postsettlement losses - which were density-dependent and substantially modified patterns of settlement. These results illustrate (1) how multifactorial explanations may be falsely refuted when incomplete sets of multiple factors are considered, and (2) how single-factor explanations may misrepresent underlying multifactorial causation of ecological patterns. Uncovering the interactive role of multiple factors in determining ecological patterns of interest requires a shift from single-factor approaches to more pluralistic perspectives.

scholarly journals Cancer Scenario in a Health Care Setting - An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Anuj Kapoor ◽  
Kamna Singh
Keyword(s):  
Care Setting ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Key Words Cancer ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Multifactorial Causation ◽  
Prevalence Of Cancer

Introduction: Cancer can affect all living cells in the body, at all ages and both genders are affected with Cancer. There is a multifactorial causation and the disease process differs at different sites. The World Cancer Report documents that cancer rates are set to increase at an alarming rate globally. Aim and objectives: To assess the cancer scenario in a tertiary care setting, GMC Kathua Methodology: This was a hospital-based retrospective study undertaken in the tertiary care center Kathua. GMC, Kathua is one among the five new medical colleges established in Jammu & Kashmir. The records of cancer patients generated from 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2020 were analyzed. All the cancer cases who reported either for diagnosis in any of the hospital OPD or for the treatment (radiotherapy/ chemotherapy/ surgery) were included. Data was entered in the MS Excel for analysis Results: A total 254 patients were registered during this 1 year period. Females accounted for 56.2% and males for 43.07% .Majority of the cases (114) were found in the age group 41-60. CA breast was the common (16.54%) reported cancer among females followed by CA cervix whereas in males, CA lung (9.92%) was the most common reported cancer among males Conclusion: The prevalence of cancer cases was found to be higher in females as compared to males. The major age group fell in between 41-60 years. The lung was a leading site of cancer among males and breast was a leading site of the cancer among the females. Key words: Cancer, Breast cancer, Lung cancer.

scholarly journals Lentiform fork sign: Uremia alone or multifactorial causation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Jaryal ◽  
Suresh Thakur ◽  
Joginder Singh Pathania ◽  
Sanjay Vikrant ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multifactorial Causation

Contribution of life events to causation of psychiatric illness

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Paykel
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Background Factors ◽  
Measure Of Association ◽  
Multifactorial Causation ◽  
Population Controls

SYNOPSISThis paper discusses the magnitude of the effect of life events in the causation of psychiatric illness. It is argued that an established epidemiological concept, relative risk, provides a useful measure of association which can be approximately adapted for retrospective controlled studies. Examination of studies employing general population controls consistently indicates effects of some importance, with risks of illness increased by factors of between 2 and 7 in the 6 months after an event. Risks are greater for the more stressful types of events, greater for depression and neuroses than schizophrenia, and even greater for suicide attempts. However, similar events occur commonly and a large proportion of event occurrences are not followed by illness. Events must interact with a wide variety of background factors, and the appropriate model is one of multifactorial causation.

Levels of analysis in etiological research on schizophrenia

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
TYRONE D. CANNON ◽  
ISABELLE M. ROSSO
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Multifactorial Causation ◽  
Different Levels

Etiological research spanning domains of inquiry as diverse as social psychology and molecular genetics has identified a number of potential factors that likely contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. In this article, we first highlight the challenges inherent in developing cogent etiological models that represent both the diversity of suspected causal influences and their mechanisms of action. Then, using our own research program as a heuristic context, we present a general analytical framework for identifying and integrating multiple types of etiologic factors across different levels of analysis in the prediction of schizophrenia. In recognition of the myriad complexities of multifactorial causation, we argue that a multilevel causal perspective is required for the development and advancement of a fully nuanced theory of schizophrenia etiology and pathophysiology.

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