On the coupling between middle and upper atmospheric odd nitrogen

2000 ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Siskind
Keyword(s):  
Odd Nitrogen

Losses and transport of odd nitrogen species(NOy) over the western Atlantic Ocean during GCE/CASE/WATOX

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ray ◽  
Menachem Luria ◽  
Donald R. Hastie ◽  
Sue Malle ◽  
William C. Keene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Western Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Odd Nitrogen

A mid-latitude balloon-borne observation of total odd nitrogen

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kondo ◽  
P. Aimedieu ◽  
W. A. Matthews ◽  
W. R. Sheldon ◽  
J. R. Benbrook
Keyword(s):  
Odd Nitrogen

The Oxides of Nitrogen: Their Relation to Tropospheric Ozone

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack G. Calvert ◽  
John J. Orlando ◽  
William R. Stockwell ◽  
Timothy J. Wallington
Keyword(s):  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Assessment Report ◽  
Natural Emissions ◽  
Gas Phase Oxidation ◽  
Odd Nitrogen

Reactive (or “odd”) nitrogen is emitted into the atmosphere in a variety of forms, with the most important being NOx (NO and NO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of these species into the atmosphere have been summarized, for example, by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (the AR4; IPCC, 2007). Some discussion of NOx emissions and trends has also been presented in Chapter I. Emissions of NOx are mainly the result of anthropogenic activity associated with fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity. For the 1990s, the AR4 estimates total anthropogenic NOx emissions of 33.4 TgN yr−1, with natural emissions (mostly from soil and lightning) accounting for an additional 8.4–13.7 TgN yr−1. Ammonia emissions are comparable in magnitude to those for NOx, with anthropogenic emissions (45.5 TgN yr−1) again exceeding natural emissions (10.6 TgN yr−1). Although the majority of the ammonia produces aerosols or is scavenged by aerosol and is subsequently lost from the atmosphere, some gas phase oxidation does occur, which can in part lead to NOx production. The N2O source strength is about 17.7 TgN yr−1, with natural sources outweighing anthropogenic ones (IPCC, 2007). However, N2O is essentially inert in the troposphere, and thus the vast majority of its photooxidation and concomitant NOx release occurs in the stratosphere. The major NOx − related reactions occurring in the Earth’s troposphere are summarized in Figure III-A-1. As just alluded to, the species NO and NO2 are jointly referred to as NOx and are often treated collectively. This is because, under daytime conditions, these two species are rapidly interconverted, with the interconversion occurring on a much shorter timescale than the loss of either species.

Methyl and ethyl nitrate saturation anomalies in the Southern Ocean (36 - 65°S, 30 - 70°W)

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Hughes ◽  
Adele L. Chuck ◽  
Suzanne M. Turner ◽  
Peter S. Liss
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Alkyl Nitrates ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Alkyl Nitrate ◽  
Equatorial Ocean ◽  
Methyl Nitrate ◽  
Odd Nitrogen

Environmental Context. The alkyl nitrates are a group of organic compounds that are known to be produced naturally in seawater. The sea-to-air flux of alkyl nitrates is believed to contribute significantly to the ‘odd nitrogen’ reservoir of the atmosphere and to play an important role in regulating tropospheric ozone levels in remote marine regions. Here we expand our knowledge of alkyl nitrate concentration distributions and saturation anomalies to Southern Ocean waters. Abstract. We report the first coupled atmosphere and seawater alkyl nitrate measurements for the Southern Ocean in the area bounded by 36–65°S, 30–70°W (November/December, 2004). Methyl and ethyl nitrate concentrations in seawater were 3.1–194.9 and 0.3–71.8 pmol L–1, respectively. Atmospheric mixing ratios ranged from 1.0 to 71.5 ppt for methyl nitrate and 0.6 to 16.6 ppt for ethyl nitrate. No correlations between alkyl nitrate distributions, and sea surface temperature, windspeed or chlorophyll a were observed. However, methyl and ethyl nitrate were well correlated in both the air and seawater, which suggests a common source. Calculations based on these observations estimate median saturation anomalies of –40% (–95 to 220%) for methyl nitrate and –11% (–98 to 174%) for ethyl nitrate. Positive saturation anomalies were spatially patchy, which suggests that some methyl and ethyl nitrate production was taking place in isolated areas of the study region. Overall our negative median saturation anomaly values suggest that during late austral spring (2004) the region of the Southern Ocean in which our measurements were made was not a net source of methyl or ethyl nitrate to the atmosphere. These results reinforce previous findings which suggest that whilst the equatorial ocean is a major source of methyl and ethyl nitrates to the atmosphere, higher latitude waters are generally at equilibrium or under-saturated. More measurements are required to assess how representative our results are of other areas of the Southern Ocean.

Stratospheric odd nitrogen: Measurements of HNO3, NO, NO2, and O3near 54°N in winter

1984 ◽  
Vol 89 (D3) ◽  
pp. 4797 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Ridley ◽  
Son Ha Luu ◽  
D. R. Hastie ◽  
H. I. Schiff ◽  
J. C. McConnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odd Nitrogen

Measurements of odd nitrogen compounds in the stratosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab 3

1988 ◽  
Vol 93 (D2) ◽  
pp. 1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Russell ◽  
C. B. Farmer ◽  
C. P. Rinsland ◽  
R. Zander ◽  
L. Froidevaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Odd Nitrogen

HOx, NOx, and ClOx: Their Role in Atmospheric Photochemistry

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1582-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Wofsy ◽  
Michael B. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Supersonic Aircraft ◽  
Mesospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Photochemistry ◽  
Odd Nitrogen ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Odd Oxygen

Sources of atmospheric odd nitrogen and hydrogen are reviewed and their role m ozone photochemistry is discussed. A model, containing few adjustable parameters, gives good agreement with observed distributions of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone. Nitric oxide emitted by supersonic aircraft would lead to a significant reduction in the concentration of atmospheric ozone if the globally averaged source of NO should exceed 2 × 107 molecules cm−2 s−1. A traffic model projected by Broderick etal. for 1990 could lead to a reduction of about 2% in the column density of O3.Sources of atmospheric chlorine are discussed. It is argued that HCl should be the dominant form of atmospheric chlorine and that it is produced mainly from aerosols of marine origin. The atmospheric source strength is about 2 × 108 tons per year according to Chesselet etal. and HCl may be removed by gas phase reaction with NH3. The role of chlorine compounds as a catalyst for recombination of odd oxygen is discussed and shown to play no major role in the normal atmosphere. Reactions of OH and HO2 with O3 may provide an important sink for tropospheric odd oxygen such that O3 may not be a passive tracer for tropospheric motions.

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