The relative importance of various urban sulfate aerosol production mechanisms: A theoretical comparison

1982 ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette Middleton ◽  
C. S. Kiang ◽  
Volker A. Mohnen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Aerosol ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Theoretical Comparison ◽  
Production Mechanisms

scholarly journals Global inorganic nitrate production mechanisms: Comparison of a global model with nitrate isotope observations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky Alexander ◽  
Tomás Sherwen ◽  
Christopher D. Holmes ◽  
Jenny A. Fisher ◽  
Qianjie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Dinitrogen Pentoxide ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Abstract. The formation of inorganic nitrate is the main sink for nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). Due to the importance of NOx for the formation of tropospheric oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone, understanding the mechanisms and rates of nitrate formation is paramount for our ability to predict the atmospheric lifetimes of most reduced trace gases in the atmosphere. The oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate (Δ17O(nitrate)) is determined by the relative importance of NOx sinks, and thus can provide an observational constraint for NOx chemistry. Until recently, the ability to utilize Δ17O(nitrate) observations for this purpose was hindered by our lack of knowledge about the oxygen isotopic composition of ozone (Δ17O(O3)). Recent and spatially widespread observations of Δ17O(O3) have greatly reduced this uncertainty, and allow for an updated comparison of modeled and observed Δ17O(nitrate) and a reassessment of modeled nitrate formation pathways. Model updates based on recent laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions renders dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) hydrolysis as important as NO2 + OH (both 41 %) for global inorganic nitrate production near the surface. All other nitrate production mechanisms represent less than 6 % of global nitrate production near the surface, but can be dominant locally. Updated reaction rates for aerosol uptake of NO2 result in significant reduction of nitrate and nitrous acid (HONO) formed through this pathway in the model, and render NO2 hydrolysis a negligible pathway for nitrate formation globally. Although photolysis of aerosol nitrate may have implications for NOx, HONO and oxidant abundances, it does not significantly impact the relative importance of nitrate formation pathways. Modeled Δ17O(nitrate) (28.6 ± 4.5 ‰) compares well with the average of a global compilation of observations (27.6 ± 5.0 ‰), giving confidence in the model's representation of the relative importance of ozone versus HOx (= OH + HO2 + RO2) in NOx cycling and nitrate formation.

scholarly journals Global inorganic nitrate production mechanisms: comparison of a global model with nitrate isotope observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3859-3877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky Alexander ◽  
Tomás Sherwen ◽  
Christopher D. Holmes ◽  
Jenny A. Fisher ◽  
Qianjie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Abstract. The formation of inorganic nitrate is the main sink for nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). Due to the importance of NOx for the formation of tropospheric oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone, understanding the mechanisms and rates of nitrate formation is paramount for our ability to predict the atmospheric lifetimes of most reduced trace gases in the atmosphere. The oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate (Δ17O(nitrate)) is determined by the relative importance of NOx sinks and thus can provide an observational constraint for NOx chemistry. Until recently, the ability to utilize Δ17O(nitrate) observations for this purpose was hindered by our lack of knowledge about the oxygen isotopic composition of ozone (Δ17O(O3)). Recent and spatially widespread observations of Δ17O(O3) motivate an updated comparison of modeled and observed Δ17O(nitrate) and a reassessment of modeled nitrate formation pathways. Model updates based on recent laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions render dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) hydrolysis as important as NO2 + OH (both 41 %) for global inorganic nitrate production near the surface (below 1 km altitude). All other nitrate production mechanisms individually represent less than 6 % of global nitrate production near the surface but can be dominant locally. Updated reaction rates for aerosol uptake of NO2 result in significant reduction of nitrate and nitrous acid (HONO) formed through this pathway in the model and render NO2 hydrolysis a negligible pathway for nitrate formation globally. Although photolysis of aerosol nitrate may have implications for NOx, HONO, and oxidant abundances, it does not significantly impact the relative importance of nitrate formation pathways. Modeled Δ17O(nitrate) (28.6±4.5 ‰) compares well with the average of a global compilation of observations (27.6±5.0 ‰) when assuming Δ17O(O3) = 26 ‰, giving confidence in the model's representation of the relative importance of ozone versus HOx (= OH + HO2 + RO2) in NOx cycling and nitrate formation on the global scale.

The relative importance of luminal and systemic signals in the control of intestinal iron absorption

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A678-A679
Author(s):  
G ANDERSON ◽  
S WILKINS ◽  
T MURPHY ◽  
G CLEGHORN ◽  
D FRAZER
Keyword(s):  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Intestinal Iron Absorption ◽  
Systemic Signals
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document