Geology of Elgin-Butler clay pits

1989 ◽  
pp. 31-32
Author(s):  
W. B. Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Clay Pits

scholarly journals Notes on the Geology of Maidstone

The Geologist ◽  
1862 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Bensted
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Clay Pits

The outcroppings of the Cretaceous strata in the valley of the Medway, the great quarries in the lower beds of the greensand for the much-used Kentish ragstone, the extensive chalk-pits at Burham and other places, the pottery clay-pits and the numerous brickfields, afford excellent facilities for the observation of the geological structure of Maidstone and the surrounding country.By taking the road from Rochester, through Maidstone, to Linton, the outcrops of the Chalk and its subordinate beds are passed over in succession across their line of strike.The chalk hills, are covered, at various places, with a red, tenacious (Post-Tertiary or Diluvial) clay, in which great quantities of flint nodules are buried.

Can popular systems of trophic classification be used for small water bodies?

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Joniak ◽  
Barbara Nagengast ◽  
Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen
Keyword(s):  
Pond Water ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Secchi Disc ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Small Water ◽  
State Index ◽  
Clay Pits ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Small Water Bodies

Can popular systems of trophic classification be used for small water bodies?The aim of the study was to evaluate the trophic conditions of the waters of twelve small ponds based on the analysis of their physical and chemical parameters according to Carlson's Trophic State Index and OECD. Great differentiation in the trophic status of ponds located in different varieties of landscape was observed and ranged from mesotrophic to weak eutrophic conditions in mid-forest ponds and clay-pits, eutrophic conditions in pastoral ponds, and hypertrophic conditions in urban water bodies. Throughout the analysis, a number of limitations in the classification methods of trophic conditions in the examined water bodies were noted. The specific problems were the shallow depth of ponds, which often corresponded with the depth of the Secchi disc transparency, or the complete overgrowing of the pond water column by macrophytes.

The palaeontology of the Liassic (Lower Jurassic) clay pits at Stonehouse and Tuffley in Gloucestershire

1973 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Lower Jurassic ◽  
Bivalve Mollusc ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
Clay Pits

SummaryThe two pits expose Pliensbachian silty shales and ferruginous limestones and sandstones. Fossils collected in situ are listed and two new morphospecies of fossil bivalve mollusc are described—Hippopodium tuffleyensis and Hettangia aperta. A taxonomic discussion is followed by palaeoecological inferences drawn from the essentially bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna. The conclusions indicate that the silty shales were deposited in well oxygenated waters, probably not exceeding 100 m, and the limestones at even shallower depths. Pebbles in the limestones indicate that some erosion preceded each of the limestones in the Margaritatus zone.

scholarly journals Cities and Disturbed Areas as Man-made Shelters for Orchid Communities

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka REWICZ ◽  
Anna BOMANOWSKA ◽  
Myroslav V. SHEVERA ◽  
Józef K. KUROWSKI ◽  
Katarzyna KRASOŃ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grey Literature ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Family ◽  
Epipactis Helleborine ◽  
Clay Pits

Many species from the family Orchidaceae spread in anthropogenic habitats and numerous studies documenting this process are known. Unfortunately, such data are scattered throughout various papers and reports, sometimes fragmentary and hard to reach (the ‘grey literature’). Scientific elaboration on this topic still lacks a comprehensive review and summary of the scale of this phenomenon. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to gather, review and analyse such data, seeking the answer to the question whether the man-made habitats can be considered as refugee for orchids. The paper summarises data on the occurrence of orchid species in man-made habitats in Europe originating from published and unpublished sources. The particular emphasis was placed in urban habitats. For this purpose, the floristically data from 42 European cities were used. The conducted studies showed that the apohytism phenomenon in the family Orchidaceae was more widespread than had been previously reported. As a result, 70 species of orchids in the distinguished man-made habitats were found. The majority of the species grow on sand and clay pits. The most common species were Epipactis helleborine and Dactylorhiza majalis. The gathered data have confirmed that man-made habitats become refugee for many orchid species in the aftermath of the loss of their natural habitats. Thus, protection of sites transformed by man with orchid occurrence should be taken into consideration. These sites can become a source of very useful information for biogeographically and phylo-geographically analyses of many valuable and endangered species.

V.—Analysis of the Gault and Greensand

1889 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
P. Gerald Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
Yellow Sand ◽  
Clay Pits

The sample of Gault, of which the analysis is given below, was obtained from the Clay Pits at Dunton Green, which I visited with the “London Geological Field Class” during June last. At this place the Gault rests upon a bed of reddish yellow sand (Lower Greensand), which is mixed in certain proportions with the Gault clay to form bricks. This sand, of which I also give an analysis, is very moist when first taken from the bed, but very rapidly becomes dry, upon exposure to the air, so that it afterwards loses very little more water at 100°C. The Gault, as taken from the pit, contained 26·68 per cent of moisture, but upon ignition of the dried substance, in a muffle furnace, it becomes so hard that it will scratch glass easily.

scholarly journals Wild chimpanzees select tool material based on efficiency and knowledge

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1888) ◽  
pp. 20181715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemie Lamon ◽  
Christof Neumann ◽  
Jennifer Gier ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler ◽  
Thibaud Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Physical Cognition ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Cumulative Process ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Artificial Cavity ◽  
Clay Pits

Some animals have basic culture, but to date there is not much evidence that cultural traits evolve as part of a cumulative process as seen in humans. This may be due to limits in animal physical cognition, such as an inability to compare the efficiency of a novel behavioural innovation with an already existing tradition. We investigated this possibility with a study on a natural tool innovation in wild chimpanzees: moss-sponging, which recently emerged in some individuals to extract mineral-rich liquids at a natural clay-pit. The behaviour probably arose as a variant of leaf-sponging, a tool technique seen in all studied chimpanzee communities. We found that moss-sponges not only absorbed more liquid but were manufactured and used more rapidly than leaf-sponges, suggesting a functional improvement. To investigate whether chimpanzees understood the advantage of moss- over leaf-sponges, we experimentally offered small amounts of rainwater in an artificial cavity of a portable log, together with both sponge materials, moss and leaves. We found that established moss-spongers (having used both leaves and moss to make sponges) preferred moss to prepare a sponge to access the rainwater, whereas leaf-spongers (never observed using moss) preferred leaves. Survey data finally demonstrated that moss was common in forest areas near clay-pits but nearly absent in other forest areas, suggesting that natural moss-sponging was at least partly constrained by ecology. Together, these results suggest that chimpanzees perceive functional improvements in tool quality, a crucial prerequisite for cumulative culture.

scholarly journals Natural and anthropogenic agents in the present geomorphological dynamics of the Torrent Corlo mountain catchment (Northern Apennines, Italy)

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
CASTALDINI Doriano ◽  
CORATZA Paola ◽  
TOSATTI Giovanni
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Mountain Catchment ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Intense Exploitation ◽  
Geomorphological Evolution ◽  
Clay Pits

The morphological changes affecting a small mountain catchment in the territory of Modena (Italy) have been taken into account. In particular, based on detailed field surveys and analysis of remote sensing imagery, an assessment was made on the natural and anthropogenic agents which have modelled this basin in the past 80 years. For several decades, the Torrent Corlo catchment was subject to intense exploitation of clay raw materials in order to supply a flourishing ceramic tile industry. As a result, a strong, negative impact has affected the landscape and, in some areas, the geomorphological evolution due to man’s activities greatly surpasses the changes ascribable to natural processes, such as landslides or stream channel processes. Since 2008, all quarrying activities have ceased and the local public administration has started a project of reclamation of the abandoned clay pits, although it will not be possible to restore completely the original, natural features of this catchment. A comparison is made with the sub-catchment Rio delle Vigne valley, which has been spared from anthropogenic changes and has been affected only by natural gravity-induced processes, which have produced some twelve landslides. The final products of this research are the implementation of the first geomorphological map of the T. Corlo mountain catchment and an updated version of the hydrological hazard map, in which active and dormant landslides are much more numerous than those mapped in any other previous geological map (s.l.). These documents can be utilized for any intervention by public boards aiming at recuperating and improving this intensely exploited area.

scholarly journals Floristic Survey of Summer Aspect in Chosen China Clay Pits in Western Bohemia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
Kamila Botková ◽  
Jana Kůrová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
China Clay ◽  
Threatened Taxa ◽  
Sandy Substratum ◽  
Clay Pits ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Five different china clay pits in the western part of the Czech Republic were explored and plant species were determined. These chosen pits were: Hájek-western part, Chlumčany, Horní Bříza, Otovice and Podlesí II. China clay pits with active excavation represent a specific environment concerning both physical and chemical characteristics. This article is presenting a list of the higher plants which were found within active excavation or former excavation areas. Species with a protection status according to the Czech legislation are presented in more detail. 189 different species have been found in total, including 2 species from category C4 – potentially vulnerable taxa, 6 species from category C3 – endangered taxa and 1 species from the C1 – critically threatened taxa from the Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic. 28 different species occurred at each of the five sites. Predominant species favour sandy substratum and bare surface.

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