Production and fate of phytoplankton: Annual cycles and interannual variability

1999 ◽  
pp. 131-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Harding ◽  
Danilo Degobbis ◽  
Robert Precali
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Annual Cycles

scholarly journals Evaluation of five hydrological models across Europe and their suitability for making projections under climate change

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 10289-10330 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Greuell ◽  
J. C. M. Andersson ◽  
C. Donnelly ◽  
L. Feyen ◽  
D. Gerten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
High Discharge ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Model Ranking ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The main aims of this paper are the evaluation of five large-scale hydrological models across Europe and the assessment of the suitability of the models for making projections under climate change. For the evaluation, 22 years of discharge measurements from 46 large catchments were exploited. In the reference simulations forcing was taken from the E-OBS dataset for precipitation and temperature, and from the WFDEI dataset for other variables. On average across all catchments, biases were small for four of the models, ranging between −29 and +23 mm yr−1 (−9 and +8 %), while one model produced a large negative bias (−117 mm yr−1; −38 %). Despite large differences in e.g. the evapotranspiration schemes, the skill to simulate interannual variability did not differ much between the models, which can be ascribed to the dominant effect of interannual variation in precipitation on interannual variation in discharge. Assuming that the skill of a model to simulate interannual variability provides a measure for the model's ability to make projections under climate change, the skill of future discharge projections will not differ much between models. The quality of the simulation of the mean annual cycles, and low and high discharge was found to be related to the degree of calibration of the models, with the more calibrated models outperforming the crudely and non-calibrated models. The sensitivity to forcing was investigated by carrying out alternative simulations with all forcing variables from WFDEI, which increased biases by between +66 and +85 mm yr−1 (21–28 %), significantly changed the inter-model ranking of the skill to simulate the mean and increased the magnitude of interannual variability by 28 %, on average.

scholarly journals Annual and Interannual Variability in the California Current System: Comparison of an Ocean State Estimate with a Network of Underwater Gliders

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2965-2988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Zaba ◽  
Daniel L. Rudnick ◽  
Bruce D. Cornuelle ◽  
Ganesh Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Matthew R. Mazloff
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current System ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
California Current ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
State Estimate ◽  
California Current System ◽  
Annual Cycles

AbstractA data-constrained state estimate of the southern California Current System (CCS) is presented and compared with withheld California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) data and assimilated glider data over 2007–17. The objective of this comparison is to assess the ability of the California State Estimate (CASE) to reproduce the key physical features of the CCS mean state, annual cycles, and interannual variability along the three sections of the California Underwater Glider Network (CUGN). The assessment focuses on several oceanic metrics deemed most important for characterizing physical variability in the CCS: 50-m potential temperature, 80-m salinity, and 26 kg m−3 isopycnal depth and salinity. In the time mean, the CASE reproduces large-scale thermohaline and circulation structures, including observed temperature gradients, shoaling isopycnals, and the locations and magnitudes of the equatorward California Current and poleward California Undercurrent. With respect to the annual cycle, the CASE captures the phase and, to a lesser extent, the magnitude of upper-ocean warming and stratification from late summer to early fall and of isopycnal heave during springtime upwelling. The CASE also realistically captures near-surface diapycnal mixing during upwelling season and the semiannual cycle of the California Undercurrent. In terms of interannual variability, the most pronounced signals are the persistent warming and downwelling anomalies of 2014–16 and a positive isopycnal salinity anomaly that peaked with the 2015–16 El Niño.

Annual and interannual variability of nutrients and their estimated fluxes in the Scotian Shelf - Gulf of Maine region

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2536-2546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Petrie ◽  
Philip Yeats
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Scotian Shelf ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Annual And Interannual Variability ◽  
Diffusive Fluxes

Nitrate, silicate, and phosphate observations are used to determine their annual cycles for the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine. Concentrations increase from fall through winter, decrease rapidly at shallow depths in late winter, and remain at low levels through spring and summer. Deep layers exhibit a weak annual cycle with highest concentrations in summer. Winter nitrate concentrations (depth [Formula: see text] 50 m) are highest on the eastern Scotian Shelf, decreasing southwestwards into the Gulf of Maine. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is the primary source of nitrate (9300 mol· s-1) and silicate (7680 mol·s-1) during winter for the Scotian Shelf; in spring and summer, vertical diffusive fluxes, 1500-1000 mol·s-1 for the central Scotian Shelf, are as large as the horizontal advective ones and can provide the entire nitrate requirement. The 50-m vertical diffusive fluxes of nitrate and silicate vary by a factor of 4 in the Scotian Shelf - Gulf of Maine region. The interannual variability of nitrate and dissolved oxygen on the Scotian Shelf are coupled to water mass changes, with low (high) nitrate and high (low) dissolved oxygen concentrations corresponding to the dominance of Labrador (Warm) Slope water.

Interannual variability in oceanic biogeochemical processes inferred by inversion of atmospheric O2/N2and CO2data

Tellus B ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rödenbeck ◽  
C. Le Quéré ◽  
M. Heimann ◽  
R. F. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes

Seasonal and interannual variability in13C composition of ecosystem carbon fluxes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

Tellus B ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Torn ◽  
Sebastien C. Biraud ◽  
Christopher J. Still ◽  
William J. Riley ◽  
Joe A. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Seasonal And Interannual Variability ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes ◽  
The U.S
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