Compositions and mass fluxes of the Mount Erebus volcanic plume

1994 ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Sheppard ◽  
F. Le Guem ◽  
B. W. Christenson
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Mount Erebus

Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina S. Haas ◽  
Reimer Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Mass Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Single Compound

Sewage containing volatile contaminants is a potential VOC-source in cities. Thus we tried to evaluate volatilization out of the sewerage system by measurements of contaminants in sewer gas and sewage. Our results from a medium sized town with little industry showed that sewer gas is mainly contaminated with alkanes, small aromatic compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons. For three chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene) we determined mass transfer coefficients out of sewage and used these data to estimate mass fluxes from sewage and emissions out of the sewerage system for two sewer stretches. Considerable emission of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sewage, i.e. fluxes of some 10 to 100 g per m2·d, occurred only when the contaminant input via sewage was between some g and mg per litre for a single compound. For concentrations that were about 3 orders of magnitude less, emissions were negligible.

scholarly journals The role of tropical volcanic eruptions in exacerbating Indian droughts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvarna Fadnavis ◽  
Rolf Müller ◽  
Tanusri Chakraborty ◽  
T. P. Sabin ◽  
Anton Laakso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Summer Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
Indian Region ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Climate Model Simulations

AbstractThe Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is vital for the livelihood of millions of people in the Indian region; droughts caused by monsoon failures often resulted in famines. Large volcanic eruptions have been linked with reductions in ISMR, but the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here, using 145-year (1871–2016) records of volcanic eruptions and ISMR, we show that ISMR deficits prevail for two years after moderate and large (VEI > 3) tropical volcanic eruptions; this is not the case for extra-tropical eruptions. Moreover, tropical volcanic eruptions strengthen El Niño and weaken La Niña conditions, further enhancing Indian droughts. Using climate-model simulations of the 2011 Nabro volcanic eruption, we show that eruption induced an El Niño like warming in the central Pacific for two consecutive years due to Kelvin wave dissipation triggered by the eruption. This El Niño like warming in the central Pacific led to a precipitation reduction in the Indian region. In addition, solar dimming caused by the volcanic plume in 2011 reduced Indian rainfall.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Model for West Antarctica

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. McInnes ◽  
W. F. Budd
Keyword(s):  
Ross Sea ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Ice Stream B ◽  
The One

The dynamic state of the West Antarctic ice sheet has been termed the grand problem of glaciology. An attempt is presented to assess it by simulating the observed ice thickness and ice velocities along a cross-section from ice stream B (Ross Sea) to Pine Island Glacier (Pine Island Bay) with a numerical model developed from the one described by Budd and McInnes (1978). A kinematic analysis with topographical and regime data from various sources shows the mass fluxes observed near the grounding line of the Ross Ice Shelf to be of the order expected for steady-state balance. Deformation of the ice accounts for only a small fraction of the observed flow there. Simulations (to be described in detail elsewhere) with the Budd/McInnes surging mechanism can approximate the existing ice thickness as a post-surge feature but fail to reproduce the high balance velocities. Both these velocities and the existing ice-thickness profile are simulated successfully as a state of steady sliding, with parameterizations involving the ice thickness above that corresponding to buoyancy and realistically assumed longitudinal strain-rates. A range of results is presented to illustrate the sensitivity of the simulation to changes in various parameters.

scholarly journals Field measurements of snow-drift threshold and mass fluxes, and related model simulations

2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith J. JDoorschot ◽  
Michael Lehning ◽  
Anouck Vrouwe
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurements ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Related Model ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Snow Drift

scholarly journals On interpreting studies of tracer transport by deep cumulus convection and its effects on atmospheric chemistry

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (20) ◽  
pp. 6037-6050 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Lawrence ◽  
M. Salzmann
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Advective Transport ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Split Treatment ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Global chemistry-transport models (CTMs) and chemistry-GCMs (CGCMs) generally simulate vertical tracer transport by deep convection separately from the advective transport by the mean winds, even though a component of the mean transport, for instance in the Hadley and Walker cells, occurs in deep convective updrafts. This split treatment of vertical transport has various implications for CTM simulations. In particular, it has led to a misinterpretation of several sensitivity simulations in previous studies in which the parameterized convective transport of one or more tracers is neglected. We describe this issue in terms of simulated fluxes and fractions of these fluxes representing various physical and non-physical processes. We then show that there is a significant overlap between the convective and large-scale mean advective vertical air mass fluxes in the CTM MATCH, and discuss the implications which this has for interpreting previous and future sensitivity simulations, as well as briefly noting other related implications such as numerical diffusion.

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