scholarly journals Effects of wind speed and particulate matter source on surface microlayer characteristics and enrichment of organic matter in southern Chesapeake Bay

1998 ◽  
Vol 103 (D9) ◽  
pp. 10571-10577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewen Liu ◽  
Rebecca M. Dickhut
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Matter Source

scholarly journals The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air–sea exchange processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Engel ◽  
Luisa Galgani
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Close Coupling ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is at the uppermost surface of the ocean, linking the hydrosphere with the atmosphere. The presence and enrichment of organic compounds in the SML have been suggested to influence air–sea gas exchange processes as well as the emission of primary organic aerosols. Here, we report on organic matter components collected from an approximately 50 µm thick SML and from the underlying water (ULW),  ∼  20 cm below the SML, in December 2012 during the SOPRAN METEOR 91 cruise to the highly productive, coastal upwelling regime off the coast of Peru. Samples were collected at 37 stations including coastal upwelling sites and off-shore stations with less organic matter and were analyzed for total and dissolved high molecular weight (> 1 kDa) combined carbohydrates (TCCHO, DCCHO), free amino acids (FAA), total and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA, DHAA), transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Coomassie stainable particles (CSPs), total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, DOC), total and dissolved nitrogen (TN, TDN), as well as bacterial and phytoplankton abundance. Our results showed a close coupling between organic matter concentrations in the water column and in the SML for almost all components except for FAA and DHAA that showed highest enrichment in the SML on average. Accumulation of gel particles (i.e., TEP and CSP) in the SML differed spatially. While CSP abundance in the SML was not related to wind speed, TEP abundance decreased with wind speed, leading to a depletion of TEP in the SML at about 5 m s−1. Our study provides insight to the physical and biological control of organic matter enrichment in the SML, and discusses the potential role of organic matter in the SML for air–sea exchange processes.

scholarly journals Contributions of Organic and Mineral Matter to Vertical Accretion in Tidal Wetlands across a Chesapeake Bay Subestuary

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Jenny R. Allen ◽  
Jeffrey C. Cornwell ◽  
Andrew H. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
210Pb Dating ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Tidal Wetlands ◽  
Vertical Accretion ◽  
Inorganic Matter

Persistence of tidal wetlands under conditions of sea level rise depends on vertical accretion of organic and inorganic matter, which vary in their relative abundance across estuarine gradients. We examined the relative contribution of organic and inorganic matter to vertical soil accretion using lead-210 (210Pb) dating of soil cores collected in tidal wetlands spanning a tidal freshwater to brackish gradient across a Chesapeake Bay subestuary. Only 8 out of the 15 subsites had accretion rates higher than relative sea level rise for the area, with the lowest rates of accretion found in oligohaline marshes in the middle of the subestuary. The mass accumulation of organic and inorganic matter was similar and related (R2 = 0.37). However, owing to its lower density, organic matter contributed 1.5–3 times more toward vertical accretion than inorganic matter. Furthermore, water/porespace associated with organic matter accounted for 82%–94% of the total vertical accretion. These findings demonstrate the key role of organic matter in the persistence of coastal wetlands with low mineral sediment supply, particularly mid-estuary oligohaline marshes.

The Shatt al-Arab River: A nutrient salt and organic matter source to the Arabian Gulf

Hydrobiologia ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal K. Abaychi ◽  
Solak A. Darmoian ◽  
Ali A. Z. DouAbul
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Matter Source ◽  
Nutrient Salt ◽  
Organic Matter Source

Essays in Health and Policy in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ibrahim Alamir
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory

This dissertation is composed of three unrelated chapters, all of which are on different topics. Chapter 1 : The Effect of Wind Speed and Particulate Matter to the Emergency Depart- ment of King Fahad Central Hospital in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia by Those Suffering from Asthma. Chapter 2 : The Effect of Gasoline. Chapter 3 : The Effect of Dust and Sand Storms on Asthma, Pneumonia, Cardiovascular Disease, and Upper Respiratory Disease: Primary Health Care Visits in Jazan, Saudi Arabia Prices on Road Fatalities in Saudi Arabia

scholarly journals Study on organic matter fractions in the surface micro layer in the Baltic Sea by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violetta Drozdowska ◽  
Iwona Wróbel ◽  
Piotr Markuszewski ◽  
Przemyslaw Makuch ◽  
Anna Raczkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The fluorescence and absorption measurements of the samples collected from a surface microlayer (SML) and a subsurface layer (SS), a depth of 1 m were studied during three research cruises in the Baltic Sea along with hydrophysical studies and meteorological observations. Several absorption (E2 : E3, S, SR) and fluorescence (fluorescence intensities at peaks: A, C, M, T, the ratio (M + T) / (A + C), HIX) indices of colored and fluorescent organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) helped to describe the changes in molecular size and weight as well as in composition of organic matter. The investigation allow to assess a decrease in the contribution of two terrestrial components (A and C) with increasing salinity (~ 1.64 % and ~ 1.89 % in SML and ~ 0.78 % and ~ 0.71 % in SS, respectively) and an increase of in-situ produced components (M and T) with salinity (~ 0.52 % and ~ 2.83 % in SML and ~ 0.98 % and ~ 1.87 % in SS, respectively). Hence, a component T reveals the biggest relative changes along the transect from the Vistula River outlet to Gdansk Deep, both in SML and SS, however an increase was higher in SML than in SS (~ 18.5 % and ~ 12.3 %, respectively). The ratio E2 : E3

scholarly journals On the chemical dynamics of extracellular polysaccharides in the high Arctic surface microlayer

Ocean Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Gao ◽  
C. Leck ◽  
C. Rauschenberg ◽  
P. A. Matrai
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Ocean Study

Abstract. The surface microlayer (SML) represents a unique system of which the physicochemical characteristics may differ from those of the underlying subsurface seawater (SSW). Within the Arctic pack ice area, the SML has been characterized as enriched in small colloids of biological origin, resulting from extracellular polymeric secretions (EPS). During the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) in August 2008, particulate organic matter (POM, with size range > 0.22 μm) and dissolved organic matter (DOM, < 0.22 μm, obtained after filtration) samples were collected and chemically characterized from the SML and the corresponding SSW at an open lead centered at 87.5° N and 5° E. Total organic carbon was persistently enriched in the SML with a mean enrichment factor (EF) of 1.45 ± 0.41, whereas sporadic depletions of dissolved carbohydrates and amino acids were observed. Monosaccharide compositional analysis reveals that EPS in the Arctic lead was formed mainly of distinctive heteropolysaccharides, enriched in xylose, fucose and glucose. The mean concentrations of total hydrolysable neutral sugars in SSW were 94.9 ± 37.5 nM in high molecular weight (HMW) DOM (> 5 kDa) and 64.4 ± 14.5 nM in POM. The enrichment of polysaccharides in the SML appeared to be a common feature, with EFs ranging from 1.7 to 7.0 for particulate polysaccharides and 3.5 to 12.1 for polysaccharides in the HMW DOM fraction. A calculated monosaccharide yield suggests that polymers in the HMW DOM fraction were scavenged, without substantial degradation, into the SML. Bubble scavenging experiments showed that newly aggregated particles could be formed abiotically by coagulation of low molecular weight nanometer-sized gels. Aerosol particles, artificially generated by bubbling experiments, were enriched in polysaccharides by factors of 22–70, relative to the source seawater. We propose that bubble scavenging of surface-active polysaccharides could be one of the possible mechanisms for the enrichment of polysaccharides in the high Arctic open lead SML.

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