scholarly journals In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor

1997 ◽  
Vol 102 (D9) ◽  
pp. 10739-10750 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schlager ◽  
P. Konopka ◽  
P. Schulte ◽  
U. Schumann ◽  
H. Ziereis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
The North ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The North Atlantic

New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4766 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER L. MAH
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
The North ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Feeding Observations ◽  
Occurrence Records ◽  
In Situ Feeding

Exploratory cruises by the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer have resulted in a substantial contribution in our understanding of deep-sea echinoderm biodiversity, biology, and ecology in the North Atlantic. This includes the description and in situ feeding observations of two, new corallivorous goniasterid species, Evoplosoma nizinskiae n. sp. and Sibogaster bathyheuretor n. sp. Significant in situ observations include a synchronous feeding event including multiple goniasterid asteroids and a cidaroid urchin on a large demosponge, providing new data for understanding echinoderm feeding behavior, including agonistic behavior, in deep-sea settings and new, in situ feeding observations for 28 deep-sea species including the myxasterid Pythonaster atlantidis, the korethrasterid Remaster palmatus and the poorly understood hippasterine goniasterids, Gilbertaster caribaea and Sthenaster emmae. 

scholarly journals Ice-supersaturated air masses in the northern mid-latitudes from regular in situ observations by passenger aircraft: vertical distribution, seasonality and tropospheric fingerprint

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 8157-8179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Petzold ◽  
Patrick Neis ◽  
Mihal Rütimann ◽  
Susanne Rohs ◽  
Florian Berkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Occurrence Probability ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Passenger Aircraft

Abstract. The vertical distribution and seasonal variation of water vapour volume mixing ratio (H2O VMR), of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) and particularly of regions with ice-supersaturated air masses (ISSRs) in the extratropical upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere are investigated at northern mid-latitudes over the eastern North American, North Atlantic and European regions for the period 1995 to 2010. Observation data originate from regular and continuous long-term measurements on board instrumented passenger aircraft in the framework of the European research programme MOZAIC (1994–2010), which continues as the European research infrastructure IAGOS (from 2011). Data used in our study result from collocated observations of O3 VMR, RHice and temperature, as well as H2O VMR deduced from RHice and temperature data. The in situ observations of H2O VMR and RHice with a vertical resolution of 30 hPa (< 750 m at the extratropical tropopause level) and a horizontal resolution of 1 km resolve detailed features of the distribution of water vapour and ice-supersaturated air relative to the thermal tropopause, including their seasonal and regional variability and chemical signatures at various distances from the tropopause layer. Annual cycles of the investigated properties document the highest H2O VMR and temperatures above the thermal tropopause in the summer months, whereas RHice above the thermal tropopause remains almost constant in the course of the year. Over all investigated regions, upper tropospheric air masses close to the tropopause level are nearly saturated with respect to ice and contain a significant fraction of ISSRs with a distinct seasonal cycle of minimum values in summer (30 % over the ocean, 20 %–25 % over land) and maximum values in late winter (35 %–40 % over both land and ocean). Above the thermal tropopause, ISSRs are occasionally observed with an occurrence probability of 1.5 ± 1.1 %, whereas above the dynamical tropopause at 2 PVU (PVU: potential vorticity unit), the occurrence probability increases 4-fold to 8.4 ± 4.4 %. In both coordinate systems related to tropopause height (TPH), the ISSR occurrence probabilities drop to values below 1 % for the next higher air mass layer with pressure levels p < pTPH−15 hPa. For both tropopause definitions, the tropospheric nature or fingerprint, based on O3 VMR, indicates the continuing tropospheric influence on ISSRs inside and above the respective tropopause layer. For the non-ISSRs, however, the stratospheric nature is clearly visible above the thermal tropopause, whereas above the dynamical tropopause the air masses show a still substantial tropospheric influence. For all three regions, seasonal deviations from the long-term annual cycle of ISSR occurrence show no significant trends over the observation period of 15 years, whereas a statistically significant correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the deviation of ISSR occurrence from the long-term average is observed for the North Atlantic region but not for the eastern North American and European regions.

scholarly journals North Atlantic warming over six decades drives decreases in krill abundance with no associated range shift

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Edwards ◽  
Pierre Hélaouët ◽  
Eric Goberville ◽  
Alistair Lindley ◽  
Geraint A. Tarling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
The Core ◽  
Krill Abundance ◽  
The North ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The North Atlantic

AbstractIn the North Atlantic, euphausiids (krill) form a major link between primary production and predators including commercially exploited fish. This basin is warming very rapidly, with species expected to shift northwards following their thermal tolerances. Here we show, however, that there has been a 50% decline in surface krill abundance over the last 60 years that occurred in situ, with no associated range shift. While we relate these changes to the warming climate, our study is the first to document an in situ squeeze on living space within this system. The warmer isotherms are shifting measurably northwards but cooler isotherms have remained relatively static, stalled by the subpolar fronts in the NW Atlantic. Consequently the two temperatures defining the core of krill distribution (7–13 °C) were 8° of latitude apart 60 years ago but are presently only 4° apart. Over the 60 year period the core latitudinal distribution of euphausiids has remained relatively stable so a ‘habitat squeeze’, with loss of 4° of latitude in living space, could explain the decline in krill. This highlights that, as the temperature warms, not all species can track isotherms and shift northward at the same rate with both losers and winners emerging under the ‘Atlantification’ of the sub-Arctic.

scholarly journals The CORA 5.2 dataset: global in-situ Temperature and Salinity measurements dataset. Data description and validation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanguy Szekely ◽  
Jérôme Gourrion ◽  
Sylvie Pouliquen ◽  
Gilles Reverdin
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Atlantic Basin ◽  
Ocean Variability ◽  
The North ◽  
Error Bar ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Delayed Time

Abstract. We present the Copernicus in-situ ocean dataset of temperature and salinity (version V5.2). The ocean subsurface sampling varied widely from 1950 to 2017, as a result of changes in the instrument technology and development of in-situ observational networks (in particular, tropical moorings, ARGO program). The global ocean temperature data coverage on an annual basis grows thus from 10 % in 1950 (30 % for the North Atlantic basin) to 25 % in 2000 (60 % for the North Atlantic basin) and reaches a plateau exceeding 80 % (95 % for the North Atlantic Ocean) after the deployment of the ARGO program. The average depth reached by the profiles also increases from 1950 to 2017. The validation framework is presented, and an objective analysis-based method is developed to assess the quality of the dataset validation process. Analyses of the ocean variability are calculated without taking into account the data quality flags (raw dataset OA), with the near real time quality flags (NRT dataset OA) and with the delayed time mode quality flags (CORA dataset OA). The comparison of the objective analysis variability shows that the near real time dataset managed to detect and to flag most of the large measurement errors, reducing the analysis error bar compared to the raw dataset error bar. It also shows that the ocean variability of the delayed time mode validated dataset is almost exempt from the random error induced variability.

Aeronautical Satellite Systems for Air Traffic Control and Communications in the European Environment

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (700) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
H. G. Leysieffer
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Traffic Surveillance ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
North Atlantic Area

The North Atlantic is increasingly developing into the main trade route of the age. Shipping, the pioneer along this highway of commerce, in the past decade has been joined by air traffic displaying a striking growth rate. Not only is the number of aircraft simultaneously plying the Atlantic routes constantly on the increase, but also the volume of passengers and freight transported on each flight. The question, whether such flow of traffic in the air and on water could be dealt with in future with the safety to which it is entitled, has led to world-wide discussions over the past few years concerning the necessity for an air traffic surveillance system for the North Atlantic area. A further question, whether one should not include also sea traffic in such a system suggested itself. The initiative for holding such discussions naturally proceeded less from air and shipping undertakings, but rather from those committees who are entrusted in supervising the safety in the conduct of man and merchandise.

scholarly journals Comparison of in situ time-series of temperature with gridded sea surface temperature datasets in the North Atlantic

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1467-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Hughes ◽  
N. Penny Holliday ◽  
Eugene Colbourne ◽  
Vladimir Ozhigin ◽  
Hedinn Valdimarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract Hughes, S. L., Holliday, N. P., Colbourne, E., Ozhigin, V., Valdimarsson, H., Østerhus, S., and Wiltshire, K. 2009. Comparison of in situ time-series of temperature with gridded sea surface temperature datasets in the North Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1467–1479. Analysis of the effects of climate variability and climate change on the marine ecosystem is difficult in regions where long-term observations of ocean temperature are sparse or unavailable. Gridded sea surface temperature (SST) products, based on a combination of satellite and in situ observations, can be used to examine variability and long-term trends because they provide better spatial coverage than the limited sets of long in situ time-series. SST data from three gridded products (Reynolds/NCEP OISST.v2., Reynolds ERSST.v3, and the Hadley Centre HadISST1) are compared with long time-series of in situ measurements from ICES standard sections in the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. The variability and trends derived from the two data sources are examined, and the usefulness of the products as a proxy for subsurface conditions is discussed.

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